Mcdonald s The World s Biggest Chain Of Hamburger Fast...

McDonald s is the world s biggest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers every day in 119 nations crosswise over 35,000 outlets. Founded in the United States in 1940, the organization started as a grilled restaurant worked with Richard and Maurice McDonald. In 1948, they redesigned their business as a hamburger stand utilizing generation line standard. Ray Kroc joined the organization as an established agent in 1955. He in this way acquired the chain from the McDonald, owners and managed its overall growth. A McDonald s restaurant is worked by a franchisee, a subsidiary, or the organization itself. The McDonald s revenues originate from the rent, royalties and the amount they receive from other franchises. (MCDONALDS.UK) Mission: - Our purpose goes beyond what we sell. We’re using our reach to be a positive force. We are providing good quality food and world class service to keep customers happy and satisfied. We always try to exceed the expectations of the customers and to be our customer s first choice, when it comes to, top quality products, outstanding service / cleanness and great value for money . (aboutmcdonalds, 2015) Vision: - McDonald s Brand vision is To be the best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in everyShow MoreRelatedMcdonalds vs Burger King1374 Words   |  6 PagesFast food is currently one of the biggest businesses in the United States due to the hectic schedules that the average person has to deal with. It is often necessary to grab food on the go because there just isn’t enough time to cook at home. This is the main reason behind the tremendous success of fast food giants such as McDonalds and Burger King. McDonald s Corporation is the world s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countriesRead MoreRay Kroc And The Fast Food Industry1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn the world today, Ray Kroc has had a profound impact on the world today with his work with McDonalds and the fast food industry. â€Å"If you work ju st for money, you ll never make it, but if you love what you re doing and you always put the customer first, success will be yours.† Ray Kroc said which he has defiantly perfected throughout his life. Ray Kroc was born on October 5, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. Kroc’s parents were from a small village in Bohemia, which is Czech origin. Kroc’s dad was aRead MoreThe Mcdonald’s Case: Strategies for Growth996 Words   |  4 Pagesconsultants in Ho Chi Minh City Email: gianglevn@yahoo.com Abstract: This paper presents a case study of international franchising, focusing on fast-food sector. McDonald s is one of the world s premier entrepreneurial success stories. However, early in 2003, McDonald’s has announced a re-structure plan including cutting jobs, closing many restaurants and slowing down the expansion plan. What went wrong with McDonald’s and what can other international franchises learn from these mistakes areRead MoreMcdonald’s Case Analysis Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesINDUSTRY: Fast Food COMPANY WEBSITE: (www.mcdonalds.com) COMPANY BACKGROUND: Richard and Maurice McDonald started the first restaurant to sell hamburgers, fries, and milk shakes. Then Ray A. Kroc opens his first McDonalds and decides that he could make more money by selling them milk-shake mixers. (Dess, 2010). Overtime they were able to continue to profit till Jim Skinner takes over as CEO and launches specialty beverages, including coffee-based drinks. SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths: McDonalds seemsRead MoreMcdonalds Arch Deluxe1551 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION McDonald’s has been in the hamburger business since the 1950’s and grown into a world-wide fast-food giant known for â€Å"Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value†. As the McDonald’s empire grew so did their menu, it adapted to the tastes of their customers. In 1996 McDonald’s launched the Arch Deluxe; their answer to what adults want to eat. The public did not agree with McDonalds and the product was not successful. CAUSE OF PRODUCT FAILURE McDonalds advertising tried to show that the newRead MoreFast Food And The Kingdom Of The Fast Foods Industry1532 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatest nation in the world, and it is also known as the cradle and the kingdom of the fast food industry. Since White Castle, which was known as the first fast food chain in the United States, was established by Walter Anderson and Edgar Waldo â€Å"Billy† Ingram in 1921 (Kieler), other fast food chains also emerged such as McDonalds, Taco bell, Burger King, or Wendy’s after 1941 (Wilson). Among those various fast food chains, especially, McDonalds became the biggest fast food chain not only in the overallRead MoreMcdonald s Of New Zealand Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesCompany Background And History Here I choose a McDonald s of New Zealand for my assignment. I choose this organization because it is very up growing organization of New Zealand. The biggest reason for choosing this organization is that because I am working here and I know much more about that. It all began in the USA in 1954 with a milkshake machine salesman named Ray Kroc. Ray received an order from the McDonald brothers hamburger outlet in California. He was fascinated by their operation - theRead MoreCorporate Level Of The Mcdonalds1329 Words   |  6 PagesThere are few business firms anywhere in the world that have been able to sustain the level of growth of McDonalds. McDonalds began by selling only hamburgers and has expanded its menu as well as its franchises on a global platform. According to Robert Hartley, McDonalds Corporation faced a decline. McDonalds Struggled to grow as a result of constantly opening new stores, the acquisition of other fast-food franchises and a few discrepancies in the McDonalds menu. (Hartley, 2014, p.75). But as I conductedRead MoreFood And Beverage Industry : Supply Chain Management1123 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION: - Food and beverage industry today has become one of the most competitive industries in the world. Recognizing that supply chain management is a core strategy and achieving world class performance in this strategy by developing and managing supply chains that provide flexibility, response time and delivery performance that exceed the competition is a key to survival in the food and beverage industry. The largest production sectors of food industry are brewing, milling, baking, confectioneryRead MoreMcdonald s Stock Symbol Or Stock Ticker916 Words   |  4 PagesI decided to research for my project is Mcdonalds. The Mcdonald’s stock symbol or stock ticker is MCD and this company trades in the New York Stock Exchange. The McDonald s headquarters complex, McDonald s Plaza, is located in Oak Brook, Illinois. The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald in San Bernardino, California. The present corporation dates its founding to the o pening of a franchised restaurant by businessman Ray Kroc in Des Plaines, Illinois

The Are The Gods Of The Gym - 1729 Words

Competitive lifters are the gods of the gym, they can bench the weight of a large animal, squat over twice their own bodyweight, and deadlift the Earth if they felt so inclined. The definition of a stereotype is a widely held oversimplified image of a particular person or group. Similar to stereotypes, misconceptions are views or opinions that are incorrect, because they are based on faulty understandings. Stereotypes stem from commonalities within groups, which often cause others to categorize them. Misconceptions originate from false information or misunderstanding, that have been carried out through society. Powerlifters and olympic weightlifters are assumed to be large, heavy set men, who have arrogant personalities, and abuse†¦show more content†¦Misconceptions are often brought about through media, because of its profound influence on society. A common misconception made by the media is the belief that all blondes are dumb. Similar to the glasses claim, there are no st udies or research that support and prove this idea, it is simply a generalization made off of false facts. Misconceptions are often confused as stereotypes, but they are two very different generalizations. Unlike stereotypes, misconceptions are formed from false knowledge and misled understandings. Misconceptions are completely untrue while stereotypes are based off of the exaggerated truth. Misconceptions often derive from stereotypes, and are assumptions based off of the already generalized knowledge of a group. The only reason why misconceptions are often believed and considered normalities, is because of how commonly they are used. The media’s influence in society is one reason why both misconceptions and stereotypes stay relevant, because of the media great impact in society, many members believe all of what the media says is true, even if there are little to no facts surrounding it. Weight lifters are large burly men whose frame take up an entire doorways. They blast their hardcore music loud through their headphone while walking around the gym looking for more weight to pick up, so everyone can experience their great music taste. The volume on their music is to a max to give them an excuse to grunt and be theShow MoreRelatedMillion Dollar Baby Movie Review Essay798 Words   |  4 Pagesand Morgan Freeman Eddie Scrap Iron(gym keeper). In this movie Eastwood has shown in his movie a story about a struggling life of boxers and coach. In this movie an actor and director is playing a role as Frankie Dunn a boxing coach. Frankie has played his part very well in this movie by high training level of boxing and giving them skills that they are applicable for. Making every boxer in his gym a very strong fighter. One his most favourite boxer in his gym (hit pit) was that black guy FrankieRead MoreComparison Essay About Gym Members834 Words   |  4 Pageshave different motivations for visiting their local gym. I have found that just by observing people around me while working out, helps pass the time and distract me from my screaming muscles. In my observations I have determined there to be three different general types of people that spend time in the gym. Those types are: The Muscle Heads, the Average Joes and the Socials. The muscle heads are people that I imagine would actually live in the gym if allowed. You can usually find these individualsRead MoreCompany s Position Of The Value Chain780 Words   |  4 Pagescompany wouldn’t be making or selling any goods, it wouldn’t fall under the supplies, manufacturer, or wholesale distributor. The company is a service that customers will pay a monthly fee to use. How will you create value for the customer? Having a gym that fits each and every persons fitness needs, dogs as well, will be of highest value to the customers. There will be classes for individuals and their dogs as well as classes for families and their dogs. This will allow the children a chance to beRead MoreA Study On Low Income Immigrant Children962 Words   |  4 Pagesof 9.8%, while the difference between obese or overweight children aged two to nineteen is 10.4%. Knowing these statistics we can help the immigrates with their health in keeping their bodies moving though many types of physical activity weather in gym class, after school programs, or lower cost extra circular actives. Even though many of them immigrants have an active job they are still over weight and needs that extra help in learning how to take care of their bodies by their health physically andRead MoreThe Journal Review Written By Homan And Boyaatzis1691 Words   |  7 Pagesconducted with women who having a sacred relationship with God. This su rvey contains women who were dissatisfied with their body, had a eating disruption in order to be thin, and dieting (Homan Boyatzis, 2010,p. 239).The women with sacred relationship with God was not at risk with these complications. In this study, the women who wants to be thin or have an eating disorder has not established a sacred relationship with God. Women who loved God tend not to have any eating disorder or not being satisfiedRead MoreMy First Day At School837 Words   |  4 Pageswould kick the soccer ball if it ever came even close to the basketball court. My next class was gym with Andrew again. So I just followed him again. When we got to gym I saw a big open Gym with a free open area a basketball, court and a court to play soccer the only thing I was worried about was that the courts were right next to each other I knew that would cause an issue because Gabriel was in this gym class. I went to play soccer with Andrew and of course gabriel went to play basketball. AndrewRead MoreChanges Over Time : Male Ideals1488 Words   |  6 Pagesvisiting the gym, and grooming. The article, â€Å"Scrawn to Brawn: Men Get Muscles or Pray for Them† was an exciting piece by the New York Times that really made me think about just how men are held to the same pressures now as women. The article parallels the male body of Woodstock which was lean torsos, narrow shoulders and scrawny legs and the current era with well-defined muscles, broad shoulders and six packs. It also mentions how pressured men are to look like the ideal going to the gym, steroid useRead MoreMy Day The Worst Winter Of My Life1010 Words   |  5 Pageswalked into the gym outraged. I was ready to do my thing at practice and get in the zone when it hit me. My friend took his life†¦ My friend is gone†¦ We had just huddled up and I just started to sob my eyes out. I ran out of the gym and stood in the locker room for 10 minutes, asking God to guide me the right way. Tell him to help me get through practice. I washed my eyes out, put my game face on, and sprinted to the gym. That day, I dominated in practice, I was mad at myself and God for letting myRead MoreDefinition Of Rule Of Life822 Words   |  4 PagesRULE OF LIFE: I wake up at 4:30 a.m. in the morning, Monday to Saturday, get freshened up and drink 4 glasses of water to keep myself hydrated all through the day. 4:45 to 5:00 am I eat snack for pre workout 5:00 a m to 6: 30 a.m I spend in gym , 6:30 a m to 7:00 a m I wash my car. Like every day we begin our day with new hope and new ambition I try to wash away all the past hurts and forget them, I implement this vision through the act washing my car every day. Come home at 7: 30 a m I drinkRead MoreLeadership Skills : John Maxwell s Leadership1362 Words   |  6 Pageshave one, maybe two gyms but several teams that need the space. Here at Cedarville there is a gym and a field house, but there are about seven teams that need to practice on any given day. That doesn’t include all of the intramural/club teams that need the gym, and the other activities that are sometimes held there as well. Every team wants practice time. Making them all happy in nearly impossible, but it’s the athletic director’s job to make sure that everyone who needs gym time gets it. Athletic

Pi Day Free Essays

Justin Carlton PI DAY 3/14/13 * Definition of pi: Pi is the 16th letter in the Greek alphabet. It is equal to 3. 141592 when shortened, but never ends. We will write a custom essay sample on Pi Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Archimedes-One of the major contributions Archimedes made to mathematics was his method for approximating the value of pi. It had long been recognized that the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was constant, and a number of approximations had been given up to that point in time. Archimedes was the first person to calculate the value of pi. Ptolemy- Ptolemy was an observer and mathematician who had written on astronomical topics such as conjunctions. He devised proofs and theorems in which he was able to evaluate pi. His calculations were pi= 3+17/120=3. 14166. * William Jones- Jones was a mathematician, known for his proposal for the use of the symbol ? for pi to represent the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. * PI Jokes Question: What do you get if you divide the circumference of a jack-o-lantern by its diameter? Answer: Pumpkin Pi! Q: What was Sir Isaac Newton’s favorite dessert? A: Apple pi! Mathematician: Pi r squared Baker: No! Pie are round, cakes are square! * A transcendental number is a number that is not the root of any integer polynomial, meaning that it is not an algebraic number of any degree. Every real transcendental number must also be irrational, since a rational number is, by definition, an algebraic number of degree one. Ferdinand von Lindeman first called pi a transcendental number * Irrational number is a real number that cannot be expressed as a rational number. In 1761 Lambert proved that Pi was irrational, that it can’t be written as a ratio of integer numbers. Web pages used: http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/pi http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/clindsey/mhf4404/archimedes/archimedes. html http://www2. stetson. edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Pm. html http://www. ualr. edu/lasmoller/pi. html http://math-fail. com/2010/03/pi-day-jokes. html http://mathworld. wolfram. com/TranscendentalNumber. html http://www. mathsisfun. com/definitions/irrational-number. html http://www. math. com/tables/constants/pi. htm How to cite Pi Day, Essay examples

Custer free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Last Stand Essay, Research Paper Custer # 8217 ; s last base Five springs ago I, with many Sioux Indians, took down and packed up our tepee and moved from Cheyenne river to the Rosebud river, where we camped a few yearss ; so took down and packed up our Lodges and moved to the Little Bighorn river and pitched our Lodges with the big cantonment of Sioux. The Sioux were camped on the Little Bighorn river as follows: The Lodges of the Uncpapas were pitched highest up the river under a bluff. The Eastern sioux Lodges were pitched following. The Oglala # 8217 ; s Lodges were pitched following. The Brule Lodges were pitched following. The Minneconjou Lodges were pitched following. The Sans Arcs # 8217 ; Lodges were pitched following. The Blackfeet Lodges were pitched following. The Cheyenne Lodges were pitched following. A few Arikara Indians were among the Sioux ( being without Lodges of their ain ) . Two-Kettles, among the other Sioux ( without Lodges ) . I was a Sioux head in the council Lodge. My Lodge was pitched in the centre of the cantonment. The twenty-four hours of the onslaught I and four adult females were a short distance from the cantonment delving wild Brassica rapas. Suddenly one of the adult females attracted my attending to a cloud of dust lifting a short distance from cantonment. I shortly saw that the soldiers were bear downing the cantonment. To the cantonment I and the adult females ran. When I arrived a individual told me to travel rapidly to the council Lodge. The soldiers charged so rapidly we could non speak ( council ) . We came out of the council Lodge and talked in all waies. The Sioux saddle horse Equus caballuss, take guns, and travel fight the soldiers. Womans and kids mount Equus caballuss and travel, intending to acquire out of the manner. Among the soldiers was an officer who rode a Equus caballus with four white pess. [ This officer was obviously Capt. Gallic, Seventh Cavalry. ] The Sioux have for a long clip fought many brave work forces of different people, but the Sioux say this officer was the bravest adult male they had of all time fought. I don # 8217 ; t cognize whether this was Gen. Custer or non. Many of the Sioux work forces that I hear speaking tell me it was. I saw this officer in the battle many times, but did non see his organic structure. It has been told me that he was killed by a Santee Indian, who took his Equus caballus. This officer wore a large-brimmed chapeau and a deerskin coat. This officer saved the lives of many soldiers by turning his Equus caballus and covering the retreat. Sioux say this officer was the bravest adult male they of all time fought. I saw two officers looking likewise, both holding long xanthous hair. Before the onslaught the Sioux were camped on the Rosebud river. Sioux moved down a river running into the Little Bighorn river, crossed the Little Bighorn river, and camped on its west bank. This twenty-four hours [ twenty-four hours of onslaught ] a Sioux adult male started to travel to Red Cloud bureau, but when he had gone a short distance from cantonment he saw a cloud of dust rise and turned back and said he thought a herd of American bison was coming near the small town. The twenty-four hours was hot. In a short clip the soldiers charged the cantonment. [ This was Maj. Reno s battalion of the Seventh Cavalry. ] The soldiers came on the trail made by the Sioux cantonment in traveling, and crossed the Little Bighorn river above where the Sioux crossed, and attacked the Lodges of the Uncpapas, farthest up the river. The adult females and kids ran down the Small Bighorn river a short distance into a ravine. The soldiers set fire to the Lodges. All the Sioux now charged the soldiers and drove them in confusion across the Little Bighorn river, which was really rapid, and several soldiers were drowned in it. On a hill the soldiers stopped and the Sioux surrounded them. A Sioux adult male came and said that a differ ent party of Soldiers had all the adult females and kids captives. Like a whirlwind the word went around, and the Sioux all heard it and left the soldiers on the hill and went rapidly to salvage the adult females and kids. From the hill that the soldiers were on to the topographic point where the different soldiers [ by this term Red-Horse ever means the battalion instantly commanded by General Custer, his manner of differentiation being that they were a different organic structure from that first encountered ] were seen was flat land with the exclusion of a brook. Sioux thought the soldiers on the hill [ i.e. , Reno s battalion ] would bear down them in rear, but when they did non the Sioux thought the soldiers on the hill were out of cartridges. Equally shortly as we had killed all the different soldiers the Sioux all went back to kill the soldiers on the hill. All the Sioux watched around the hill on which were the soldiers until a Sioux adult male came and said many walking soldiers were coming nigh. The coming of the walking soldiers was the economy of the soldiers on the hill. Sioux can non contend the walking soldiers [ foot ] , being afraid of them, so the Sioux hastily left. The soldiers charged the Sioux cantonment about midday. The soldiers were divided, one party bear downing right into the cantonment. After driving these soldiers across the river, the Sioux charged the different soldiers [ i.e. , Custer s ] below, and drive them in confusion ; these soldiers became foolish, many throwing away their guns and raising their custodies, stating, â€Å"Sioux, commiseration us ; take us prisoners.† The Sioux did non take a individual soldier captive, but killed all of them ; none were left alive for even a few proceedingss. These different soldiers discharged their guns but small. I took a gun and two belts off two dead soldiers ; out of one belt two cartridges were gone, out of the other five. The Sioux took the guns and cartridges off the dead soldiers and went to the hill on which the soldiers were, surrounded and fought them with the guns and cartridges of the dead soldiers. Had the soldiers non divided I think they would hold killed many Sioux. The different soldiers [ i.e. , Custer s battalion ] that the Sioux killed made five courageous bases. Once the Sioux charged right in the thick of the different soldiers and scattered them all, contending among the soldiers manus to manus. One set of soldiers was in rear of the Sioux. When this set of soldiers charged, the Sioux fell back, and the Sioux and the soldiers stood confronting each other. Then all the Sioux became courageous and charged the soldiers. The Sioux went but a short distance before they separated and surrounded the soldiers. I could see the officers siting in forepart of the soldiers and hear them hiting. Now the Sioux had many killed. The soldiers killed 136 and wounded 160 Sioux. The Sioux killed all these different soldiers in the ravine. The soldiers charged the Sioux cantonment farthest up the river. A short clip after the different soldiers charged the small town below. While the different soldiers and Sioux were contending together the Sioux head said, â€Å"Sioux work forces, go watch soldi ers on the hill and forestall their fall ining the different soldiers.† The Sioux work forces took the vesture off the dead and appareled themselves in it. Among the soldiers were white work forces who were non soldiers. The Sioux dressed in the soldiers’ and white men’s vesture fought the soldiers on the hill. The Bankss of the Little Bighorn river were high, and the Sioux killed many of the soldiers while traversing. The soldiers on the hill dug up the land [ i.e. , made earth-works ] , and the soldiers and Sioux fought at long scope, sometimes the Sioux bear downing near up. The battle continued at long scope until a Sioux adult male saw the walking soldiers coming. When the walking soldiers came near the Sioux became afraid and ran off. Bibliography An Eyewitness Account by the Lakota Chief Red Horse recorded in pictographs and text at the Cheyenne River Reservation, 1881Bibliography Nancy Warren ferrel, encyclopaedia britannica

Frank Lloyd Wright Essays (1501 words) - Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright .......having a good start not only do I fully intend to be the greatest architect who has yet lived, but fully intend to be the greatest architect who will ever live. Yes, I intend to be the greatest architect of all time. - Frank Lloyd Wright 1867-1959 CHILDHOOD Born in Richland Center, in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867 (sometimes reported as 1869), Frank Lincoln Wright, who changed his own middle name to Lloyd, was raised under the influence of a Welsh heritage. The Lloyd-Jones family, his mothers side of the family, had a great influence on Wright throughout his life. The family was Unitarian in faith and lived close to each other. Major emphasis within the Lloyd-Jones family included education, religion, and nature. Wrights family spent many evenings listening to William Lincoln Wright read the works of Emerson, Thoreau, and Blake. His aunts Nell and Jane opened a school of their own, pressing the philosophies of the German educator, Froebel. Wright was brought up in a comfortable, but certainly not warm household. His father, William Carey Wright, who worked as a preacher and a musician, moved from job to another, dragging his family across the United States. Possibly as a result of this upheaval, Wrights parents divorced when while he was still young. His mother, Anna, relied heavily upon her many brothers, sisters and uncles, and Wright was intellectually guided by his aunts and his mother. Before Wright was even born, his mother had decided that her son was gong to be a great architect. Using Froebels geometric blocks to entertain and educate her son, Mrs. Wright must have struck the genius that her son possessed. Use of imagination was encouraged and Wright was given free run of the playroom filled with paste, paper, and cardboard. On the door were the words, SANCTUM SANCTORUM (Latin for place of inviolable privacy). Wright was seen as a dreamy and sensitive child, and cases of him running away while working on the farmlands with his uncles were noted. This pattern of running away from one thing or another continued throughout his lifetime. WRIGHTS FIRST BREAK In 1887, at the age of twenty, Frank Lloyd Wright moved to Chicago. During the late nineteenth century, Chicago was a booming, crazy place. With an education in engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Wright found a job as a draftsman in a Chicago architectural firm. During this short time with the firm of J. Lyman Silsbee, Wright started on his first project, the Hillside Home for his aunts, Nell and Jane. Impatiently moving forward, Wright got a job at one of the best known firms in Chicago at the time, Adler and Sullivan. Sullivan was to become Wrights greatest mentor. LOUIS SULLIVAN: LIEBER MEISTER Wright referred to Sullivan as Lieber Meister (beloved master). He admired his talent for ornamentation, and his skill of drawing intricate plans and designs. Wright picked up on the ways of Sullivan and soon became ahead of Alder in importance within the firm. Wrights relationship between him and his employer caused great amounts of tension between Wright and his fellow draftsmen, as well as with Sullivan and Adler. Wright was assigned the residential contracts of the firm. His work soon expanded as he accepted jobs outside of the firm. When Sullivan found out about this in 1893, he called Wright on a breach of contract. Rather than to drop the night jobs, Wright walked out on the firm. When Wright left the company, Sullivans quantity of contracts declined quickly. Sullivan soon ran into economic troubles and his international reputation dwindled by 1920. Sullivan was soon regarded as worthless to the architectural world. He resorted to alcoholism and died in 1924 without regaining the glory of what was held in his early years in Chicago. LIFE AFTER THE FIRM Wright quickly built up a practice in residential architecture. At one point in his career, Wright would produce 135 buildings in ten years. Wright took a different approach to architecture by designing the furniture, light fixtures, and other things that were in the structures that he made. He developed a unique type of architecture that was known as the Prairie style. Dominated by the horizontal line, the style would make-up the type of buildings designed in the 1900-1913 era of his career. Wright had two other distinctive styles and a period for each one of them, one being the Textile block (1917-1924) and the other the Usonian (1936-1959), which is the most familiar to modern world. In 1909

Mumia Abu-Jamal essays

Mumia Abu-Jamal essays For the last twenty years, a man has been locked up twenty-three hours a day in prison, denied contact visits with his family, and had his mail illegally opened by prison authorities. Now, one may ask, What is wrong with this? This seems typical for the treatment of a guilty convict. In this particular case however, many believe that this man, Mumia Abu-Jamal, is innocent, and has been yet another victim of the corruption and racism of the United States judicial system. In December 1981, Abu-Jamal was working as a cab driver when he came upon a cop beating Abu-Jamals brother with a flashlight. Abu-Jamal ran out to help his brother. There was a struggle, and both Abu-Jamal and the police officer, Daniel Faulkner, were shot. Witnesses saw one or more men run from the scene. When police officers arrived, Faulkner was dead. The officers then beat Abu-Jamal before taking him to the hospital. Suspiciously, it took them over half an hour to reach it. Due to fabrication of evidence and police manipulation of witnesses, Abu-Jamal was found guilty, in September 1982, of the murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner. The trial and sentence were both terribly unjust, because there was truly not enough evidence against Abu-Jamal to actually convict him. The prosecution claimed that the shot that killed Faulkner came from Abu-Jamals .38-caliber gun. Abu-Jamal was legally registered to carry the gun as a nighttime cab driver. This claim of the prosecution contradicts the medical examiners report that the bullet removed from Faulkners brain was a .44-caliber. This fact was kept from the jury during the trial. Moreover, a ballistics expert examining the case found it absurd that police who had been at the scene failed to test Abu-Jamals gun to see if it had been recently fired, or to test Abu-Jamals hands for gunpowder residue. One of the most powerful claims of the pros ...

Free Trade Zones in UAE and Economic Development Research Paper - 1

Free Trade Zones in UAE and Economic Development - Research Paper Example In a free trade zone, all the imports are free from duties and all the exports from this region are free from restrictions but only when those goods reach to other destinations, they become subject to the local custom rules. Ireland was the first country to come up with this idea and the main purpose was to industrialize the rural areas of the country and attract foreign investment to induce the economy and provide better employment to the locals (Davidson, 2008). United States, China, Brazil, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Philippines and many other countries have various free trade zones, all for the same purpose (Krane, 2009). United Arab Emirates is the recent addition to the list of the countries, which are looking for aggressive economic growth and one of the approaches taken for the same is setting up various free trade zones in order to encourage foreign direct investment (Oxford Business Group, 2010). The country has over 20 free trade zones and the paper is an attempt to shed some light on the free trade zones of Dubai Media City and Abu Dhabi Airport (Barrett, 2010). The paper will discuss their positive and negative contributions to the economy of UAE, benefits to investors and strategies for growth. Furthermore, the paper will also shed some light on the differences between employment rules in the free trade zones and other areas of the country. Discussion Dubai Media City It was in the year 2001 when the Dubai government launched Dubai Media City as a free trade zone that has now become the regional hub of media companies in the Middle Eastern regions. Reputable media companies such as CNN, BBC, GEO Tv, ARY Digital, Bloomberg, Cartoon Network, CCTV Orbit Showtime, CNBC and others have set up their regional headquarters and broadcasting centers in the city. Furthermore, Financial Times, The Sunday times, The Economist and other well known print media companies have their regional centers in the Dubai Media City. McGraw Hill, Forbes, ITP Publishing Gro up and other leading players in the publishing are also located in the city. On top of these, the city takes great pride in the fact that headquarters of the ICC (international Cricket Council, the supreme governing body of cricket worldwide) is located in Dubai Media City. Over 1400 companies are registered and operating in the Dubai Media city (Krane, 2009). Over the past decade of its existence, the Dubai Media City has been instrumental in boosting the economic growth of the country. Furthermore, not only it has helped to provide employment to the local people however as of today, Dubai Media City is the home to thousands of people skilled, trained, experienced and learned in media related jobs. Many foreign students come to Dubai for their media studies considering the exposure that they could get from Dubai Media City. Foreign Direct Investment has kept on increasing and the tourism and hospitality industry has received great deal of business (Kanna, 2011). The downside of all this economic growth is the fact that this economic growth cannot be termed as sustainable or long-term growth. Despite the fact that the GDP of the region and the country has increased greatly due to the presence of huge media companies, however, these companies have ended up with employing a significant majority of expatriates, non-locals and non-Emiratis (Oxford Business Group, 2010). These percentages range from 80 percent to 99 percent. The point

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE CLASS IN ARCHITECTURE Assignment

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE CLASS IN ARCHITECTURE - Assignment Example There is also the sound of moving vehicles coming from the waiting lounge. Observing with the sense of hearing has the advantage getting a deeper feeling of things around through sounds. The next site is a public square which is located in the same city. There are people around and the sound of scavenge birds. There is scent of perfume from nearby and the noise of vehicles from a highway that is just next to the public square. There is also smell of exhaust fumes that is presumably from the vehicles passing nearby. Through the sense of smell and hearing, it was possible to feel the contents in the atmosphere and distinguish them from each other. The third site is at a public park. There are sound of birds and insects on the air. Beneath the feet is cold grass. The atmosphere is cool and relatively quiet. Then a piece of rock is collected and it is cold and with a very rugged texture. The piece of rock is hard and heavy. Through the senses of touch and sight one is able to have a clearer feeling of things around. The sense of sight and touch adds a better feeling to the sense of sound. The next site is at the top of a public building. The far off horizon is clearing visible and there is cold air blowing. Buildings around the city and their different shapes and designs can be seen clearly from this point. The sense of sight here is able to give a clearer feel by adding details such as

Effects of climate change in an area Term Paper

Effects of climate change in an area - Term Paper Example Introduction To further discuss climate change it is important to discuss what climate change is. Climate change can be identified by, â€Å"a long term shift in climate measured by changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, and other indicators.† (GovernmentofCanada2011). Climate change is basically the result of too much pollution within earth’s atmosphere. The pollution causes the ozone layer to become thin. The thinning of the ozone layer allows earth’s climate to become warmer than usual. The slow increase in earth’s temperature creates an effect on earth’s resources. Because of these changes, oceans, wildlife and nature have been forced to adapt and many creatures and habitats have become unsuccessful in adapting. History of Climate Change Climate change is said to have begun during the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a time during the 1800’s when manufacturing began to take over the world. According to, The Cambr idge Dictionary of Scientist, â€Å"the increase of carbon dioxide has jumped overwhelmingly since the mid 1800’s.† Studies on carbon dioxide levels show that the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppmv’s has gone up by over one hundred. Many things that one may see and do everyday are contributors to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The most common contributor is human transportation. Almost every type of human transportation emits carbon dioxide into the air. Planes, automobiles, trains and anything that burns fuel is a contributor to climate change. Automobiles are not the only contributor. Manufacturing plants are all over the world and can account for huge carbon dioxide emissions. An article by The New York Times explains, â€Å"Eating lunch in a cafeteria can cause climate change† (Rosenthal2010). One may contemplate the truth of the given claim. How can eating lunch at a cafeteria cause climate change? The answer is simple. Many of the foods in a cafeteria are produced in a manufacturing facility. Manufacturing facilities create carbon dioxide. When eating foods that have been made by creating harmful gasses, one is contributing to global warming which creates climate change. Climate Change effects on the Ocean Climate change is harmful to the earth’s ocean. Water is a necessary for survival. The ocean, like many other water sources does not stand still. The ocean circulates. The circulation allows for water to remain fresh. The circulation of water is like natures own way of cleaning itself. â€Å"The winds of the air drive most of the oceans circulation† (Toggweiler2008). The warming climate changes the way that the winds blow. Since the winds are changed, so is the way that the ocean circulates. The changes in water circulation due to climate change have their affects on our oceans. The ocean cools and warms by circulation. It is obvious that the changes in circulation will have its affects o n the ocean. Since the ocean makes up more than half of the earth, it is important to keep the ocean temperatures stable. Change in ocean temperature cause many problems. The warming of the ocean because of climate change and global warming has its affects on ocean life. Coral in the Mediterranean, â€Å"is becoming bleached and no longer produces as vibrant of colors† (Global Changing Biology2005). The bleaching of the coral is not the only problem that affects the ocean. Fish and fisherman dependent on fishing are affected by the climate change of

Impact of Globalisation on Construction Industry

Impact of Globalisation on Construction Industry In his book The Lexus and the Olive tree Thomas Friedman (2000) described the world as becoming an increasingly interwoven place, and whether you are a company or a country, your threats and opportunities increasingly derive from who you are connected to. Furthermore, it defined globalisation as .a web-like structure .. An inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before- in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. Globalisation aided by an increased availability of cheap accessible information and technology has broken down to a far greater extent the walls of protectionism and trade barriers making it easier for someone in a remote city of Brazzaville (Congo) to carryout business transactions like buying and selling of shares in the world stock market, engage in joint venture enterprise, carryout international procurement, import and export goods and services from all over the world without leaving the sitting room. This integration of markets and economies with the aid of information and technology described in many writings as globalisation or free market economy has created a huge opportunity for business and investments worldwide. These investments on the other hand creates interdependency on individuals, companies and nation-states performance and high economic risks which has had disastrous effects all over the world like the Latin American debt crisis in the late 1980s, the Southeast Asian recession of the late 90s and the recent world economic recession. This presentation will explain what globalisation means for everybody from the ordinary man in the street to the CEO of a local company and up to a countrys economic and political stability. Section 2 will define globalisation, its features and what it means to everyone, it will also explore the standing of the construction industry in the worlds economy. Section 3 will discuss the impact and challenges of globalisation on the construction and engineering industry aided by a brief imaginary scenario. Aim To discuss the impact of globalisation on construction companies and their products, services and projects. Section 2 Understanding globalisation Discussions of globalisation are currently dominating the intellectual and public discourse. It could mean different things to different people hence the multiple definitions attached to it. While some view it as an evil trend towards dehumanization and economic domination others view it as a multifaceted phenomenon that pauses challenges and offers opportunities (Mahgoub, 2004). The French and other continental europeans for example see globalisation as a new form of imperialism (from the US) or as a new stage of capitalism in the age of electronics (Intriligator, 2004). Intriligator (2004) described it as major increases in worldwide trade and exchanges in an increasingly open, integrated, and borderless international economy, not only in traditional international trade in goods and services, but also in exchanges of currencies; in capital movements; in technology transfer; in people moving through international travel and migration; and in international flow of information and ideas. Finally, Yeung (2009) considers globalisation as necessarily an integrating set of tendencies that operate on the global scale and intensify connections and flows across territorial borders and regions citing what it calls the ruthless penetration of global cultures epitomized by McDonalds, Hollywood movies, MTV, and internet as an example. Govindarajan and Gupta (2000) defined what globalisation could mean to three different level of aggregation: To the entire world, globalisation refers to the aggregate level of economic interdependence among the various countries examplified by the fact that the total asset size of cross-border mergers and acquisitions grew by 15.5 per cent in 1996, 45.2 per cent in 1997 and 73.9 per cent in 1998 (UNCTAD, 1999) To a specific country, globalisation refers to the extent of the interlinkages between that particular countrys economy and the rest of the world measured through exports and imports as a ratio of GDP, inward and outward flow of both foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, and inward and outward flows of royalty payments associated with technology transfer. To a specific industry, globalisation refers to the degree to which, within that industry, a companys competitive position within one country is interdependent with its competitive position in another country measured by the extent of cross-border trade within the industry as a ratio of total worlwide production, extent of cross-border investment as a ratio of total capital invested in that industry, and proportion of industry revenue accounted for by players competing in all major regions of the world. Pre-history But of all the different definitions and interpretations surrounding globalisation, one thing is sure; globalisation is not a new thing. Some economists and historians has suggested that present day globalisation is little more than a return to the world economy of the late 19th and early 20th century, of the century from the congress of Vienna in 1815, the period 1870 to 1913 and from the outbreak of world war 1 in 1914 to the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 (Intriligator, 2004, Friedman, 2000, Hutton, 2008). At that time borders were relatively open and there were substantial international capital flows and migrations of people, when the major nations of Europe depended critically on international trade as part of the colonial system (Friedman, 2000, Intriligator, 2004). What differentiates this era from the past era of globalisation is the sheer number of people and countries involved and the intensity driven by several unprecedented developments like: Technological advances Technological advances has lowered significantly the cost of everything from transportation, communication, data processing, information storage and retrieval and human resources development. Tools like internet and mobile phones has enhanced the way countries and industries relate to each other bringing everybody closer. It has also contributed to rural developments by empowering emerging nations to shop around in the international arena for partners, investors and best financial deals for their respective projects thereby reducing the level of under-developments and poverty and at the same time providing substantial potential opportunities for MNCs and investors from the developed nations. Many companies locate different parts of their production, research and marketing units in different countries but still bring them together through videoconferencing, internet and emails Trade liberalization: the 1946 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) adopted by many nations has been the key to a series of reductions in the tariffs levied on manufactured goods thereby opening different markets and fostering trade around the world. The agreement which later evolved into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been accredited to the rapid developement of the BRIC nations(Brazil, Russia, India and China) whose manufactured products like heavy machineries, technology transfers and consumer goods are being sold worlwide bringing-in lots of foreign reserves and an increase in their Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and an advantageous trade surplus to some countries like China. Also successive rounds of multilateral trade negotiations, together with regional arrangements such as the European Union,the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations agreement, have been major forces for international liberalization (Hufbauer and Warren, 1999) Economic liberalization The gradual elimination of restrictions on Foreign Direct Investments put in place after WWII liberalised international capital movements. Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) means the amount of investment a company from country A can make in country B. These investments could be in the form of acquisitions, joint ventures, management and consultancy, technological transfer or simply building a production unit in a foreign country. The most profound effect has been seen in developing countries, where yearly foreign direct investment flows have increased from an average of less than $10 billion in the 1970s to a yearly average of less than $20 billion in the 1980s, exploding from $26.7billion in 1990 to $179 billion in 1998 and $208 billion in 1999. FDI into developed countries in 2004 rose to $636 billion, from $481 billion in 1998 (source: UNCTAD cited by Jeffery P. Graham, 2005). It has been made possible by the elimination of restrictions by the receiving countries, cheaper and easie r access to information technology and low global communication costs. Others Other factors like: immigration which has witnessed lesser restriction due to lower travelling costs economic shifts in balance and governments policies industrial revolution better construction material and equipment convergence of ideology experienced at the end of the cold war with the survival of capitalism over socialism social welfare reforms contributed a lot in differentiating the era of globalisation we live in now to the era before WW 1 II and have seen the construction and engineering sector experience a radical growth as never seen before. Construction and engineering The construction industry today is a global industry which according to Krisen Moodley et al, (2008) means the operation of contractors and consultants across international markets, in a globalized context with supply chains, specialists, plant and equipment sourced across the world. This section will identify the place of the construction industry in a global environment. Global construction industry. The global construction industry consists of the procurement of new projects, increasing commitment for the provision of services, equipment, components, materials, maintenance, finance, operations and research development (Krisen Moodley, 2008). Private sector participation is actively sought in the whole gamut of project phases-financing, construction, operation, etc. especially in major capital-intensive infrastructure projects. The design and consultancy services traded are knowledge-based and high value-added, with the materials most frequently traded as either resource-specific or technology-dependent (Drewer, 1990). Globalisation pressures have created more opportunities for contractors to enter international construction market which are valued at approximately $3.4 trillion out of which, only 3.4% of its potential volume ($116 billion) is actually open to a fully international competitive market and being done by multinational foreign firms (Seung H. Han et al, 2005). As examples, in Dubai, the consultants, contractors, labour, technology, materials and equipment are sourced from across the world, while the iconic Wembley stadium in London had an Australian contractor, multinational designers, Dutch steel contractors, American security specialists and a range of international materials suppliers (Krisen Moodley, 2008). Major projects like the Suez Canal in 1959-1969, the Panama Canal in 1900-1914, the New Hong Kong Airport, the Channel Tunnel and the Three Gorges Dam in China were carried out by contractors and consultants from different countries. Migration of the construction industrys major players was prompted by international trade and the quest by countries with sufficient non construction resources to satisfy their construction requirements. The oil rich countries of the Middle East were major promoters of this trend during the 1970s and 1980s although it actually started centuries ago during the era of industrialisation. One form of industrialisation then was prefabrication, which is based on the industrial manufacture of building components off-site or near the site. As long as the late 19th century, the British were sending prefabricated housing to Australia and Africa, and in 1830s, the manning portable Colonial Cottage for Emigrants was being produced and shipped to sites around the world (A.B.Ngowi, 2005). Globalisation and construction Earlier success in trade liberalization sparked an expansion of trade and FDI, increasing the demand for cross-border capital flows. This has increased the pressure for liberalization of capital markets, forcing more and more countries to open their capital accounts which in turn led to liberalization of Foreign Direct Investments and privatization tournaments (Dieter Ernst, 2002) providing Global corporations with a greater range of choices for market entry and better access to external resources and capabilities. Today with the aid of globalised economy, technological advancements, free market and cultural harmonization, more construction firms are shifting their strategies towards achieving global market shares through joint ventures, acquisitions and FDI bringing in exchange, technological advances associated with formidable construction technology, enhanced management systems for scheduling, material tracking, subcontractors organisation, and financial capability which enable them to obtain good and low interest finance from major financiers, added Raftery et al, (1998). Institutional, legal and economic reforms that aided the globalisation of the construction and engineering industry include: unified levy system as well as business tax, consumption tax and VAT, economic liberalization, relaxation in foreign equity (allowed up to 100%) in many countries, end to the non-discrimantion for domestic and foreign companies in bidding for public works, deregulation and liberalization measures in housing market especially the abolition of price controls and land use intensity controls, privatization programmes and employment of foreign labour and 100% equity in Build Operate and Transfer concessions (Raftery et al, 1998) amongst others. Section 3 Discussion If cash, commodity and creativity are the key ingredients needed for a country to succeed in the changing global economy, as described by Lyons (2010), what does the construction and Engineering need to succed in this leaderless globalisation system?. The global finance maret from where the industry obtains financing for its activities is so interdependent that it poses a huge threat and opportunity to the industry. A brief ilustration could be helpful in explaining this interdependence and its effects. Case scenario The Salisbury sports club, home of Zimbabwean cricket team in Harare, constructed by the British colonial masters in the days of Rhodesia, once had a capacity of 26,000 people in 1956. 54 years later it can only take 10,000 so the government decides that the stadium capacity needs to be increased to 35,000 to reflect the current passion of cricket in the country. Zimbabwe with an inflation rate of over 900%, can neither afford to finance the project by itself or borrow from the international market and as such, its options are quite limited. It posted an open tender process invitation for the project on their website with preferred procurement method being FDBOT (Finance, Design, Operate and transfer) for a period between 25-30 years. One major obstacle apart from the economy, pointed out by contractors interested in the project is that there still exists restrictions on the ownership of land and public infrastructures in the country so the parliament in Harare had to remove these re strictions to attract foreign investors to their project. Being a major project of over  £300m, the winning consortia led by Arup Engineering was made up of Barclays bank investment banking (supported by Chinese investment fund, pension fund from canada and mutual fund from the US), Masuita electrical company from Japan and Usiminas Steel company from Brazil. With the restriction lifted and the contract signed, the project started with the major contractor Arup bringing in technological prowess, management know-how and the money. Local construction industries were used for their understanding of the area and provision of cheap labour while plants and equipments were supplied by a company from neighbouring South Africa. 10 months into the project, while the individual zimbabwean involved with the project was just about getting to reap the benefit of a steady job and income, the Thailandese government posted a glum economic expectation and insinuated doubt on the countries capacity to pay back loans from the world bank. This less than expected prediction sent a wave to the stock market in the asian region prompting investors to start dumping Thailandese bonds and taking their money to invest elsewhere. The question is: what has Thailand economy got to do with cricket stadium in Harare? Well, this massive sales made asian bonds as a whole lose almost 50 to 60% of their value which means that banks (including Barclays) and funds including (Pension funds from Canada) which invested in those bonds lost a considerable amount of their investment. But unconsciously, in a rush to put their money in a secured investment, the investors pushed the price of commodities up especially steel that rose from  £250/ tonne to  £435/tonne. It wasnt long before the stadium project in Harare grinded to a halt. Reasons being that Barclays is the red and are currently speaking with the Qatari Investment group for bailout which if it fails, they could end up being owned by the taxpayers, the pension fund has suffered huge losses and are restructuring their management and this new team are reviewing all investments, the doubled price of steel means that Usiminas cannot deliver at the contracted price and wishes to revise the terms of the contract, the delays meant that expected date for the inaguration of the stadium was delayed by what could be one year and brings with it a substantial loss of fund from patronisers, the government of Harare are helpless, they have no control over immediate or future event concerning the project. Analysis Although this is an imaginary scenario, it reflects what globalisation can bring to an industry like construction (expectations and pit falls) and how helpless the feeling can be when the table turns. All because of the interdependent global economy, trade and capital liberalization. Challenges Globalisation represents a major challenge and at the same time an unprecedented opportunity for the construction and engineering industry in terms of greater access to finance for concession projects etc, greater accessibility to FDI, greater specialization and division of labour on a world-wide level, greater opportunity for the local industry to acquire technological know-how and strategic positioning for the established company for a more competitive market. According to YIP et al (2006), companies with an established source of competitive advantage from its home or other existing country markets often finds it easier to increase global market share by adding new countries rather than by trying to increase share in existing countries. This gives them competitive edge in an increasingly globalised market open to stiff global competition. Competition stretched in all areas of the industry from products and services to quality of those products and services, cost, time and process innovation. Scale Although in a globalised construction market, there seems to be something for everyone, most projects are large scale construction which only the large technologically qualified contractors can carry out due to, sometimes added prequalification requirements in the bidding process, one which requires firms to demonstrate having secured certain amount of contracts with comparable magnitude and complexity which in turn, precludes medium-size operators or contractors. Growth That the industry has gone global does not mean fatter pockets. Although rationalization of production and the spread of technology including pressures for continual innovation globally will lead to increased productivity and efficiency it also drive costs down. Research has shown that profitability declines (fig.1) as companies begin to internationalise their business due to the difficulties of learning how to do so especially in different cultural setting. It gradually increases as the objective, of increasing market share, is achieved. Protectionism Concerns has risen as to the challenges globalisation poses to the construction and engineering sectors in emerging economies because of the divergence or polarisation of profits worldwide where bigger foreign industries backed by their governments and financial institutions witness a rapid growth while the locals industry play catch up. Globalisation to E C means gradual erosion of barriers that hinder foreign companies from participating in local markets hence eliminating the distinction between local, regional and national markets. It means that international firms with capability continues to penetrate local markets leaving local consultants and contractors underdeveloped and in most areas out of the business. This might lead to protectionism or trade war as we are beginning to see with the currency war going on between the US and China. Vulnerability Also critics has underlined the perceived loss of sovereignty of national governments and political leaders due to the continuous influence of the investors (including MNCs) and international financiers in state affairs in an effort to protect their respective interests. Mutual vulnerability due to the fragility and interdependence of the international economic system, and the distribution of wealth created through globalisation which has seen more nations grow faster than others. While globalisation has been spearheaded by the cross-border operations of transnational corporations, the spatial transfer of business and industrial practices is by no means unproblematic. There remain significant place-based institutional limits to the globalisation of business cultures; and economic practices. For example, while capital can be transferred almost effortless across space, labour remains highly place-bound and locally embedded (Yeung, 2009) Finance and economy Shift in economic balance brought by globalisation means different challenges for developed and emerging markets. While the developed-world are expected to cut back their fiscal deficit, emerging world are to maintain low debt-to-GDP ratios, their undervalued currencies, low-cost labour, high savings rate, exports and investment in infrastructure to sustain global uncertainties. Globalisation has favoured construction industries from developed contries, constraining the involvement of lesser developed industries as they lack access to cheap financial markets and technology, making it difficult for them to compete. They can only show advantage perhaps in the area of labour deployment. Regional instability Globalisation has increased the risk of major regional and global instabilities due to the interdependence of economies. Its negative effect is devastating for the construction and engineering sector as witnessed by the recent global economic meltdown. Many countries like Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece that sustained a major part of their economy on the construction industry suffered heavily and have been finding it hard to restructure their respective economies ever since. The scars of the negative effect of economic interdependence could still be seen in those countries and others in the middle east like Dubai where loads of buildings remain uncompleted and the completed ones remain empty because the banks cannot lend to buyers, buyers cannot buy houses, the builder cannot sell hence cannot pay either the borrowed loans or the building contractors. Local contractors In Spain for example the recent economic meltdown forced one third of local contractors to close down while the remaining ones are with a considerably reduced portfolio because of their interface with major international contractors and consultants with global reputation and work portfolio that simply went burst when their cash flow seized. Some fortunate international contractors and consultants including David Langdon had to be absorbed by bigger and more stable companies to remain in the business. Impact on businesses Competition Globalisation forces down the price of construction services by reducing the ability of firms to obtain excess margins through competitive pressure. Also, in the face of a margin squeeze, firms seek to reduce cost through the use of best available technology these cost reductions are in turn passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices. Companies in developed markets suffering from slower economic conditions are looking even more urgently to emerging markets, where more robust economies, substantial oil revenues and major deficits in the existing infrastructure spell opportunity, thereby fostering competition . Additionally, certain mature markets also seek to recruit offshore and bring in talent to meet demand on domestic projects (Hook, 2008). Costs Globalisation allows construction and engineering firms to achieve economies of scale as they are increasingly liberated from the size constraints of their home markets. In technical terms, the demand elasticity coefficients facing individual firms increase with globalisation (Hufbauer and Warren, 1999). They will also need to lobby to lower barriers that protect their suppliers, so they can take advantage of the law of one price in input markets. If inputs remain high or suppliers are unreliable, firms will be forced to relocate to countries where purchased input prices are lower and quality higher, finalised Hufbauer and warren, (1999). Procurement Globalisation has changed the way procurement is done. Participation of foreign contractors in domestic markets in the 1970s was as a result of pressure from donor agencies as a price for accepting their aid or funding, their projects. Today, advocates for trade not aid are thanking globalisation for creating opportunities for investment exemplified by the Chinese investment in infrastructure in Africa which according to McRae (2010) is much larger than all Western aid programmes put together- real trade not aid. FDI still remains the preferred method but other means in which foreign investors may acquire an effective voice in an enterprise rather than through FDI include subcontracting, management contracts, turnkey arrangements, franchising, leasing, licensing and production sharing (UNCTAD, 2002) Commodities Globalisation also have a huge impact on the factors of production which Bryan (2010) considers as where the real integration of the worlds economy begins. Bryan identified commodities, capital and labour as crucial towards understanding structural economic issues. On commodities it means that most natural resources and manufactured commodities like steel, aluminium, bauxite, crude oil, iron ore, with a global common price attached to it are expensive to producers in countries with weaker currencies. Simply put, commodity prices are too high in emerging-market countries which mean they use fewer commodities than they would and too low in developed-world countries which means they use more commodities than they should. Furthermore the fact that commodities prices are set in truly global markets where nations have little power over prices suggests that financial tension will build earlier and with greater volatility. Growth and cooperation Globalisation has brought growth to emerging countries that has invested substantially in the built environment; building and infrastructure; and has a huge dependency on imported construction services like the Asian countries. It brought huge profits as well to the contractors involved accounting for around 33% of their international earnings in 1996 (ENR, 1997). There is far more cooperation, consumer value changes, and the blurring of business borderlines in this global environment as global construction has to create and manage new forms of relationships with suppliers, producers, clients, financiers, governments and third sector groups (Moodley et al, 2008). The more usual arrangement for large projects now being for contractors, developers and financiers to form consortia in order to seize these players respective expertise, in addition to reducing project risks. This formation of strategic alliances would be an effective way of overcoming weakness or draw-backs that a firm may be exposed to in the increasingly competitive domestic or international setting (Raftery et al, 1998). For the local industry, it provides an opportunity to work with and comply with international standards, increase their efficiency and quality of work hence preparing them to be more competitive. Domestic policies Governments in a bid to attract increased foreign private sector equity into domestic construction markets are carrying out further institutional reforms, particularly in the banking and financial sectors and adopting certain measures like: Removing or relaxing barriers in the tax repatriation of profits Adopting a transaprent tax policy by way of granting equal tax treatment to foreign and local companies Adopting double taxation relief agreements with other countries Offering preferential interest rates for joint ventures where there is equity majority by local partners Entering bilateral agreements with foreign governments to guarantee safety of foreign investments Relaxed imposed ceilings on foreign equity on construction and development firms These policies as described by raftery et al (1998) brings in advantages like the interaction of foreign and local partners complementing each other. while the domestic associates having better understanding of the local working conditions takes care of the sources of labour and materials, the foreign firms bring into the joint venture their higher expertise in finance, technology and management know-how, creating a healthier, robust environment for private sector investment. Section 4 Conclusion This paper analysed the origin of the new era of globalisation the world lives in today, defining what it means to different aggregations. Construction as an industry has contributed enormously to the worlds economic growth with its estimated value of US$4trillion but has suffered equally when the world economy went burst due to its global interface with the financiers of their worldwide activities. Globalisation brought far more cooperation, consumer value changes, and the blurring of business borderlines in this global environment as consultants, contractor, designers, financiers, governments, labour, material suppliers, technology suppliers, plant and equipment specialists all converge in a new form of relationship aimed at a better working environment towards delivering a common project. Deregulations, affordable technology, trade liberalization and economic market policies has been the main drive for globalisation and the same vehicle has been responsible for driving many construction firms, especially from developed countries, through Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), joint ventures, acquisition etc into local and domestic construction markets both in developed and emerging countries. The impact has been huge from high profits and stronger multinationals to technological trans

Magic Realism in Wise Children by Angela Carter Essay -- Wise Children

Magic Realism in Wise Children by Angela Carter Magical realism is a primarily Latin American literary movement from the 1960s onwards, which integrates realistic portrayals of the ordinary with elements of fantasy and myths. The result of this is a rich but disturbing world that appears at once to be very dreamlike. The term ‘magical realism’ was first used by German art critic, Franz Roh, who said it was a way of depicting ‘the enigmas of reality’ and literary critic Isabel Allende has said that ‘in magic realism we find the transformation of the common and the everyday into the awesome and the unreal. It is predominantly an art of surprises. Time exists in a kind of fluidity and the unreal happens as part of reality. Once the reader accepts the fait accompli, the rest follows with logical precision.’ Many critics have associated Angela Carter’s style of writing with magical realism, a term which refers to a writer portraying imaginary or improbable elements in a realistic, ordinary way. The novel conforms to the device of magical realism through the use of references and allusions to Shakespeare: there are five chapters, just as there are always five acts in a Shakespearean comedy; Dora and Nora live on Bard Road; art imitates life when Ranulph plays Othello, later catches his wife in bed with someone else and kills them and himself; also, Tiffany is a reflection of Ophelia, driven mad by love, when she has a breakdown on a live TV game show; there are disguises, twins, mistaken identities and love problems, all key elements of Shakespearean comedy. This kind of intertextuality is a subtle manifestation of magical realism. All the Shakespearean-style villainy, comic relief and intricate plot elemen... ...down to earth when Dora mentions that a zookeeper came soon after with a net to recapture the beautiful insects. This is a perfect example of magical realism. As mentioned before, magical realism has its dark and disturbing side, and this is apparent in Wise Children. When Saskia, Dora’s enemy, is a little girl, she is seen savagely devouring the carcass of a roasted swan. Later in life, Saskia becomes a TV cook and seems to take sadistic pleasure in disembodying animals. Magical realism is combined with carnivalesque literature in Wise Children to create a flamboyant, theatrical world within a humble, earthy reality. Both genres compliment each other in the novel, as both involve fantasy-like events and nightmarish imagery, and elaborate, rational explanations are used by Carter to encourage readers to suspend their disbelief, if only for a moment.

Introduction to Sociology

05/12/2011 Oana Cristina Merca Introduction to Sociological Themes and Perspectives The word â€Å"sociology† has its roots from the Latin â€Å"socius† which means â€Å"companion† and the Greek â€Å"ology† which means â€Å"the study of†. So basically, Sociology is one of the social sciences which aim is to explain human behaviour. Unlike Psychology, Sociology is much more concerned about social group’s behaviour including whole societies and even international and global groups. Of all the social sciences it is Sociology that most closely scrutinizes change and conflict in the wider society. The range of the discipline, and the importance of the arguments that are disputed within it, still make it the most exciting of the social sciences. However, it was not until the nineteenth century, as a consequence of industrial revolution, that we see a concern with society as a direct object of study. We could then determine, once and for all, what sort of social changes were possible. In its present form, Sociology embraces a range of different views concerning both what a social science should compromise, and what might be the proper subject-matter of Sociology in particular. The latter provides perhaps the best way of making sense of the discipline. This essay will explain, compare and contrast three of the main perspectives in Sociology: Functionalism, Marxism and Feminism. The founder of the Functionalism perspective was Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), whose theory was then further developed by Robert Merton (1910-2003). The Functionalist looks at society as a body where everything has a function. There are formal organizations as law, education, the family, the media, political system and informal social actions such as suicide, love, and crime. Altogether serve a function and have consequences on society. Crime is normal and found in every society. It shows us what is acceptable or not. Crime produces rituals as court processes and boundaries which show us who is in and who is out. Durkheim believed that a very high rate of crime or deviance shows that something had gone wrong with the society. Suicide is a social phenomenon which can be explained by things such as religion, economic situation, social structure, sexual orientation. Suicide is higher in protestant than catholic countries, more common among single people than married, more common in military than among civilians, rates of suicide drop in time of ar and they are higher in times of economic crisis. The anomie theory of Robert Merton (1957) is distinguished between cultural goals (material possessions, status symbols) and institutional means (opportunities to achieve these goals in a socially acceptable way). The situation where is too much emphasis on the cultural goals and not enough on the institutional means is known a s anomie. Talcott Parsons (1951) is talking about two basic functions of the family: the reproduction and the stabilisation of adult personality.

The Columbine Massacre School Shooting April 20, 1999

The Columbine Massacre School Shooting April 20, 1999 On April 20, 1999, in the small, suburban town of Littleton, Colorado, two high-school seniors, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, enacted an all-out assault on Columbine High School during the middle of the school day. The boys plan was to kill hundreds of their peers. With guns, knives, and a multitude of bombs, the two boys walked the hallways and killed. When the day was done, twelve students, one teacher, and the two murderers were dead; plus 21 more were injured. The haunting question remains: why did they do it? The Boys: Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris were both intelligent, came from solid homes with two parents, and had older brothers who were three years their senior. In elementary school, Klebold and Harris had both played in sports such as baseball and soccer. Both enjoyed working with computers. The boys met each other while attending Ken Caryl Middle School in 1993. Though Klebold had been born and raised in the Denver area, Harris father had been in the U.S. Air Force and had moved the family several times before he retired and moved his family to Littleton, Colorado in July 1993. When the two boys entered high school, they found it difficult to fit into any of the cliques. As is too common in high school, the boys found themselves frequently picked on by athletes and other students. (Though some claimed they were part of the Trench Coat Mafia, in truth, they were only friends with some of the groups members. The boys didnt usually wear trench coats to school; they did so only on April 20 to hide the weapons they were carrying as they walked across the parking lot.) However, Klebold and Harris seemed to spend their time doing normal teenager activities. They worked together in a local pizza parlor, liked to play Doom (a computer game) in the afternoons, and worried about finding a date to the prom. For all outward appearances, the boys looked like normal teenagers. Looking back, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris obviously werent your average teenagers. Problems According to journals, notes, and videos that Klebold and Harris left to be discovered, Klebold had been thinking of committing suicide as early as 1997 and they both had begun thinking about a large massacre as early as April 1998- a full year before the actual event. By then, the two had already run into some trouble. On January 30, 1998, Klebold and Harris were arrested for breaking into a van. As part of their plea agreement, the two began a juvenile diversion program in April 1998. Since they were first-time offenders, this program allowed them to purge the event from their record if they could successfully complete the program. So, for eleven months, the two attended workshops, spoke to counselors, worked on volunteer projects, and convinced everyone that they were sincerely sorry about the break-in. However, during the entire time, Klebold and Harris were making plans for a large-scale massacre at their high school. Hate Klebold and Harris were angry teenagers. They were not only angry at athletes that made fun of them, or Christians, or blacks, as some people have reported; they basically hated everyone except for a handful of people. On the front page of Harriss journal, he wrote: I hate the f*cking world. Harris also wrote that he hates racists, martial arts experts, and people who brag about their cars. He stated: You know what I hate? Star Wars fans: get a friggin life, you boring geeks. You know what I hate? People who mispronounce words, like acrost, and pacific for specific, and expresso instead of espresso. You know what I hate? People who drive slow in the fast lane, God these people do not know how to drive. You know what I hate? The WB network!!!! Oh Jesus, Mary Mother of God Almighty, I hate that channel with all my heart and soul. Both Kiebold and Harris were serious about acting out on this hate. As early as spring 1998, they wrote about killing and retaliation in each others yearbooks, including an image of a man standing with a gun, surrounded by dead bodies, with the caption, The only reason your [sic] still alive is because someone has decided to let you live. Preparations Klebold and Harris used the Internet to find recipes for pipe bombs and other explosives. They amassed an arsenal, which eventually included guns, knives, and 99 explosive devices. Klebold and Harris wanted to kill as many people as possible, so they studied the influx of students in the cafeteria, noting that there would be over 500 students after 11:15 a.m. when the first lunch period began. They planned to plant propane bombs in the cafeteria timed to explode at 11:17 a.m. and then shoot any survivors as they came running out. There is some discrepancy whether the original date planned for the massacre was to be April 19 or 20. April 19 was the anniversary of the Oklahoma City Bombing and April 20 was the 110th anniversary of Adolf Hitlers birthday. For whatever reason, April 20 was the date finally chosen. Setting the Bombs in the Cafeteria At 11:10 a.m. on Tuesday, April 20, 1999, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris arrived at Columbine High School. Each drove separately and parked in spots in the junior and senior parking lots, flanking the cafeteria. Around 11:14, the boys carried two 20-pound propane bombs (with timers set for 11:17 a.m.) in duffel bags and placed them near tables in the cafeteria. No one noticed them place the bags; the bags blended in with the hundreds of school bags that the other students had brought with them to lunch. The boys then went back to their cars to wait for the explosion. Nothing happened. (It is believed that if the bombs had exploded, it is probable that all 488 students in the cafeteria would have been killed.) The boys waited a few extra minutes for the cafeteria bombs to explode, but still, nothing happened. They realized that something must have gone wrong with the timers. Their original plan had failed, but the boys decided to go into the school anyway. Klebold and Harris Head Into Columbine High School Klebold, wearing cargo pants and a black T-shirt with Wrath on the front, was armed with a 9-mm semi-automatic handgun and a 12-gauge double-barrel sawed-off shotgun. Harris, wearing dark-colored pants and a white T-shirt that said Natural Selection, was armed with a 9-mm carbine rifle and a 12-gauge pump sawed-off shotgun. Both wore black trench coats to hide the weapons they were carrying and utility belts filled with ammunition. Klebold wore a black glove on his left hand; Harris wore a black glove on his right hand. They also carried knives and had a backpack and a duffel bag full of bombs. At 11:19 a.m., the two pipe bombs that Klebold and Harris had set up in an open field several blocks away exploded; they timed the explosion so that it would be a distraction for police officers. At the same time, Klebold and Harris started firing their first shots at students sitting outside the cafeteria. Almost immediately, 17-year old Rachel Scott was killed and Richard Castaldo was injured. Harris took off his trench coat and both boys kept firing. Not a Senior Prank Unfortunately, many of the other students didnt realize yet what was happening. It was only a few weeks until graduation for the seniors and as is a tradition among many U.S. schools, seniors often pull a senior prank before they leave. Many of the students believed that the shootings were just a joke- part of a senior prank- so they didnt immediately flee the area. Students Sean Graves, Lance Kirklin, and Daniel Rohrbough were just leaving the cafeteria when they saw Klebold and Harris with guns. Unfortunately, they thought the guns were paintball guns and part of the senior prank. So the three kept walking, heading toward Klebold and Harris. All three are wounded. Klebold and Harris swiveled their guns to the right and then shot at five students who were eating lunch in the grass. At least two were hit- one was able to run to safety while the other was too debilitated to leave the area. As Klebold and Harris walked, they nearly continually threw small bombs into the area. Klebold then walked down the stairs, toward the injured Graves, Kirklin, and Rohrbough. At close range, Klebold shot Rohrbough and then Kirklin. Rohrbough died instantly; Kirklin survived his wounds. Graves had managed to crawl back down to the cafeteria, but lost strength in the doorway. He pretended to be dead and Klebold walked over him to peer into the cafeteria. The students in the cafeteria started looking out the windows once they heard gunfire and explosions, but they too thought it was either a senior prank or a film being made. A teacher, William Dave Sanders, and two custodians realized that this was not just a senior prank and that there was a real danger. They tried to get all the students away from the windows and to get down on the floor. Many of the students evacuated the room by going up the stairs to the second level of the school. Thus, when Klebold peered into the cafeteria, it looked empty. While Klebold was looking into the cafeteria, Harris continued shooting outside. He hit Anne Marie Hochhalter as she was getting up to flee. When Harris and Klebold were back together, they turned to enter the school through the west doors, firing as they went. A policeman arrived on the scene and exchanged fire with Harris, but neither Harris nor the policeman was injured. At 11:25 a.m., Harris and Klebold entered the school. Inside the School Harris and Klebold walked down the north hallway, shooting and laughing as they went. Most of the students not at lunch were still in class and didnt know what was going on. Stephanie Munson, one of several students walking down the hall, saw Harris and Klebold and tried to run out of the building. She was hit in the ankle but managed to make it to safety. Klebold and Harris then turned around and headed back down the hallway (toward the entrance they had gone through to enter the school). Teacher Dave Sanders Shot Dave Sanders, the teacher who had directed students to safety in the cafeteria and elsewhere, was coming up the stairs and rounding a corner when he saw Klebold and Harris with guns raised. He quickly turned around and was about to turn a corner to safety when he was shot. Sanders managed to crawl to the corner and another teacher dragged Sanders into a classroom, where a group of students was already hiding. The students and the teacher spent the next few hours trying to keep Sanders alive. Klebold and Harris spent the next three minutes indiscriminately shooting and throwing bombs in the hallway outside the library, where Sanders was shot. They threw two pipe bombs down the stairs into the cafeteria. Fifty-two students and four staff were hiding in the cafeteria and could hear the gunshots and explosions. At 11:29 a.m., Klebold and Harris entered the library. Massacre in the Library Klebold and Harris entered the library and shouted: Get up! Then they asked for anyone wearing a white cap (jocks) to stand up. No one did. Klebold and Harris started firing; one student was injured from flying wood debris. Walking through the library to the windows, Klebold shot and killed Kyle Velasquez, who was sitting at a computer desk rather than hiding under a table. Klebold and Harris set down their bags and started shooting out the windows toward policemen and escaping students. Klebold then took off his trench coat. One of the gunmen yelled Yahoo! Klebold then turned and shot at three students hiding under a table, injuring all three. Harris turned and shot Steven Curnow and Kacey Ruegsegger, killing Curnow. Harris then walked over to a table near him where two girls were hiding underneath. He banged two times on the top of the table and said, Peek-a-boo! Then he shot under the table, killing Cassie Bernall. The kick from the shot broke his nose. Harris then asked Bree Pasquale, a student sitting on the floor, if she wanted to die. While pleading for her life, Harris was distracted when Klebold called him to another table because one of the students hiding underneath was black. Klebold grabbed Isaiah Shoels and started dragging him from under the table when Harris shot and killed Shoels. Then Klebold shot under the table and killed Michael Kechter. Harris disappeared into the book stacks for a minute while Klebold went to the front of the library (near the entrance) and shot out a display cabinet. Then the two of them went on a shooting rampage in the library. They walked by table after table, shooting non-stop. Injuring many, Klebold and Harris killed Lauren Townsend, John Tomlin, and Kelly Fleming. Stopping to reload, Harris recognized someone hiding under the table. The student was an acquaintance of Klebolds. The student asked Klebold what he was doing. Klebold answered, Oh, just killing people.  Wondering if he, too, was going to be shot, the student asked Klebold if he was going to be killed. Klebold told the student to leave the library, which the student did. Harris again shot under a table, injuring several and killing Daniel Mauser and Corey DePooter. After randomly shooting off a couple more rounds, throwing a Molotov cocktail, taunting a few students, and throwing a chair, Klebold and Harris left the library. In the seven and a half minutes they were in the library, they killed 10 people and injured 12 others. Thirty-four students escaped uninjured. Back Into the Hall Klebold and Harris spent about eight minutes walking down the halls, looking into the science classrooms and making eye contact with some of the students, but they didnt try very hard to get into any of the rooms. Students stay huddled and hidden in many of the classrooms with the doors locked. But locks wouldnt have been much protection if the gunmen had really wanted to get in. At 11:44 a.m., Klebold, and Harris headed back downstairs and entered the cafeteria. Harris shot at one of the duffel bags they had placed earlier, trying to get the 20-pound propane bomb to explode, but it didnt. Klebold then went over to the same bag and began fiddling with it. Still, there was no explosion. Klebold then stepped back and threw a bomb at the propane bomb. Only the thrown bomb exploded and it started a fire, which triggered the sprinkler system. Klebold and Harris wandered around the school throwing bombs. They eventually went back to the cafeteria only to see that the propane bombs had not exploded and the sprinkler system had put out the fire. At exactly noon, the two went back upstairs. Suicide in the Library They headed back to the library, where nearly all the uninjured students had escaped. Several of the staff remained hidden in cabinets and side rooms. From 12:02 to 12:05, Klebold and Harris shot out the windows toward the policemen and paramedics that were outside. Sometime between 12:05 and 12:08, Klebold and Harris went to the south side of the library and shot themselves in the head, ending the Columbine massacre. The Students Who Escaped To the policemen, paramedics, family and friends waiting outside, the horror of what was happening unfolded slowly. With 2,000 students attending Columbine High School, no one saw the whole event clearly. Thus, reports from witnesses escaping the school were skewed and fragmentary. Law enforcement personnel tried to rescue those who were injured outside but Klebold and Harris shot at them from the library. No one saw the two gunmen commit suicide so no one was sure it was over until police were able to clear the building. Students that had escaped were sent via school bus over to Leawood Elementary School where they were interviewed by police and then put on a stage for parents to claim. As the day wore on, the parents that remained were those of the victims. Confirmation of those that had been killed did not come until a day later. Rescuing Those Still Inside Because of the large number of bombs and explosives thrown by the gunmen, the SWAT and police could not immediately enter the building to evacuate the remaining students and faculty that were hiding inside. Some had to wait for hours to be rescued. Patrick Ireland, who had been shot two times in the head by the gunmen in the library, attempted to escape at 2:38 p.m. out the library window- two stories up. He fell into the waiting arms of SWAT while T.V. cameras showed the scene across the country. (Miraculously, Ireland survived the ordeal.) Dave Sanders, the teacher who had helped hundreds of students escape and who had been shot around 11:26 a.m., lay dying in the science room. The students in the room tried to provide first aid, were given instructions over the phone to give emergency aid, and placed signs in the windows to get an emergency crew inside quickly, but no one arrived. It wasnt until 2:47 p.m. when he was  taking his last breaths that SWAT reached his room. In all, Klebold and Harris  killed 13 people  (twelve students and one teacher). Between the two of them, they fired 188 rounds of ammunition (67 by Klebold and 121 by Harris). Of the 76 bombs that Klebold and Harris threw during their 47-minute siege on Columbine, 30 exploded and 46 did not explode.​ In addition, they had planted 13 bombs in their cars (12 in Klebolds and one  in Harris) that did not explode and eight bombs at home. Plus, of course, the two propane bombs they planted in the cafeteria that did not explode. Who Is to Blame? No one can say for sure why Klebold and Harris committed such a horrific crime. Many people have come up with theories including being picked on in school, violent video games (Doom), violent movies (Natural Born Killers), music, racism,  Goth, problematic parents, depression, and more. It is hard to pinpoint one trigger that started these two boys on a murderous rampage. They worked hard to fool all those around them for over a year. Surprisingly, about a month before the event, the Klebold family took a four-day road trip to the  University of Arizona, where Dylan had been accepted for the following year. During the trip, the Klebolds didnt notice anything strange or unusual about Dylan. Counselors and others also didnt notice anything unusual. Looking back, there were  telltale hints and clues  that something was seriously wrong. Videotapes, journals, guns, and bombs in their rooms would have been easily found if the parents had looked. Harris had made a website with hateful epithets that could have been followed up on. The Columbine Massacre changed the way society looked at children and at schools. Violence was no longer just an after-school,  inner-city  occurrence. It could happen anywhere. Sources Bai, Matt. Anatomy of a Massacre.  Newsweek. 3 May 1999: 25-31.Columbine Report. Jefferson Countys Sheriffs Office. 15 May 2000.Columbine: Hope From Heartbreak.  Rocky Mountain News.Cullen, Dave. Columbine Report Released.  Salon.com. 16 May 2000.Cullen, Dave. Inside the Columbine High Investigation.  Salon.com. 23 Sept. 1999.Cullen, Dave. Kill Mankind. No one should survive.  Salon.com. 23 Sept. 1999.Dickenson, Amy. Where Were the Parents?  Time. 3 May 1999.Gibbs, Nancy. The Next Door: A Special Report on the Colorado School Massacre.  Time. 3 May 1999: 25-36.Levy, Steven. Loitering on the Dark Side.  Newsweek. 3 May 1999: 39.

Free Essays on Greek Architecture Up To The Doric Order

Greek Architecture Aristotle once said â€Å"The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance.+† The architecture of ancient Greece is represented by buildings in the sanctuaries and cities of mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, southern Italy and Sicily, and the Ionian coast of Turkey. Monumental Greek architecture began in the archaic period, flourished through the classical and Hellenistic periods, and saw the first of many revivals during the Roman Empire. The roots of Greek architecture lie in the tradition of local Bronze Age house and palaces. The following paper will cover the basic forms of Greek architecture. One of the many types of Greek building structures was Sacred Architecture. The Greeks conceived of their gods in human form, as anthropomorphic representations of the forces and elements of the natural world. These gods and goddesses were worshiped with sacrifices made at an outdoor altar. At many sanctuaries, the altar was much older than the temple, and some sanctuaries had only an altar. The temple designed simply as a shelter or home for the cult statue and as a storehouse for offerings. This shelter consisted of a cella (back wall), a pronaos (columned porch),an opisthodomus (enclosure), an antae (bronze grills securing the porches), and a colonnade that provided shelter for visitors. The earliest monumental buildings in Greek architecture were the temples. Since these were solidly built and carefully maintained, they had to be replaced only if destroyed. The architectural orders, Doric on the mainland and Ionic in the eastern Aegean, were developed in the archaic temples, and their lasting example tended to make Greek architecture conservative toward changes in design or in building technology. The Archaic period evolved after the Mycenaen palace collapsed in 1200 BCE during the dark ages when people began rebuilding. This era brought about the int... Free Essays on Greek Architecture Up To The Doric Order Free Essays on Greek Architecture Up To The Doric Order Greek Architecture Aristotle once said â€Å"The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance.+† The architecture of ancient Greece is represented by buildings in the sanctuaries and cities of mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, southern Italy and Sicily, and the Ionian coast of Turkey. Monumental Greek architecture began in the archaic period, flourished through the classical and Hellenistic periods, and saw the first of many revivals during the Roman Empire. The roots of Greek architecture lie in the tradition of local Bronze Age house and palaces. The following paper will cover the basic forms of Greek architecture. One of the many types of Greek building structures was Sacred Architecture. The Greeks conceived of their gods in human form, as anthropomorphic representations of the forces and elements of the natural world. These gods and goddesses were worshiped with sacrifices made at an outdoor altar. At many sanctuaries, the altar was much older than the temple, and some sanctuaries had only an altar. The temple designed simply as a shelter or home for the cult statue and as a storehouse for offerings. This shelter consisted of a cella (back wall), a pronaos (columned porch),an opisthodomus (enclosure), an antae (bronze grills securing the porches), and a colonnade that provided shelter for visitors. The earliest monumental buildings in Greek architecture were the temples. Since these were solidly built and carefully maintained, they had to be replaced only if destroyed. The architectural orders, Doric on the mainland and Ionic in the eastern Aegean, were developed in the archaic temples, and their lasting example tended to make Greek architecture conservative toward changes in design or in building technology. The Archaic period evolved after the Mycenaen palace collapsed in 1200 BCE during the dark ages when people began rebuilding. This era brought about the int...