Descartes And Berkeley s Beliefs On The Source Of Human...

In this paper, I will compare and contrast Descartes’ and Berkeley’s beliefs on the source of human knowledge and how it relates to their definitions of absolute truth. According to Descartes, the source of human knowledge is found only through thinking, because our senses deceive us. Absolute truth, for Descartes, is objective fact established through deductive reasoning. Berkeley, on the other hand, believes that human knowledge originates from perception and that absolute fact is one’s perceptions of the material world. In this paper I will explore Descartes’ and Berkeley’s opposing views on the origin of human knowledge and their respective definitions of absolute truth. First, I will describe both philosophers’ explanation of the source of human knowledge. Then I will contrast their definitions of absolute truth, and explore how each philosopher uses their respective sources of human knowledge to find this absolute truth. Descartes claims that sensation is deceptive, and therefore cannot be trusted. He says that our senses tell us that distant objects are small, when they are actually large. Descartes goes on to state that â€Å"it is unwise to trust completely those who have deceived us even once† (Descartes, First Meditation, 2). Descartes then proceeds to prove his claims about human knowledge through deductive reasoning. First, he claims that sensation is deceitful, so we cannot trust anything that our bodies or senses perceive. Next, Descartes states that if God isShow MoreRelatedDescartes, Berkeley, And God5780 Words   |  24 PagesDescartes, Berkeley, and God There are conflicting views between philosophers of the modern era pertaining to the existence of God. Even further, many of these philosophers who share the opinion that God does in fact exist also have opposing views as to how that affects their world view. For example, Descartes’s narrator, in the fifth meditation comes to the conclusion, that God, an almighty benevolent being, is no deceiver, and holds all perfection. Within this system, the narratorRead MoreAnalysis of Descartes Argument788 Words   |  3 Pagesending of the reading selection.? Reading selection from Descartes Discourse on the Method (Part IV). Descartes begins with the problem of being able to prove his own existence but ends up with an argument proving the existence of God. Read more about the Discourse on the Method located at HYPERLINK http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf. In his Discourse on the Method, Descartes essentially asked his famous question: how can we knowRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 Pagestheory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge in S or for the concepts we use in S other than sense experience. This radical way of thinking began in the 17th century, with John LockeRead MoreGod? Essay1883 Words   |  8 Pagesattributes and powers and to require human worship; specifically: one controlling a particular aspect or part of reality.† (â€Å"God†). For a philosopher, however, this concept has proven to be more than a little difficult to solve. According to O’Brien in his book An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, â€Å"The philosophy of religion is (in part) concerned with whether such a belief is justified.† (177). The belief that O’Brien mentions as being problematic is the belief that the God worshiped by the monotheisticRead MoreConstructivism: Social Theory of International Politics by Alexander Wendt1057 Words   |  5 PagesConstructivism Alexander Wendt in his work entitled Social Theory of International Politics (1999) explain the basic propositions of constructivism, arguing that â€Å"structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces; thus, identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature† (Palan, 2000, p. 576). As such, these shared ideas construct identities and interests. In this regard, Wendt supportsRead MoreMetaphysics And The Philosophical Branch Of Reality2278 Words   |  10 Pagesof Science, Philosophy of Meaning, the problem of free will, and social and political philosophy. From all these topics, Metaphysics is the most interesting. Metaphysics is the study of reality. Metaphysic focuses on the question, what explains the source of reality? In the philosophical branch of Metaphysics come smaller branches. Four of these smaller branches are; Dualism, Materialism also known as Physic alism, and Pantheism. Materialism is, â€Å"the view that matter is the ultimate constituent of reality†Read MoreCognitive psychology  . Essay5542 Words   |  23 Pages  developmental psychology, and  educational psychology. Cognitive psychology  is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding. The term â€Å"cognition† stems from the Latin word â€Å" cognoscere† or to know. Fundamentally, cognitive psychology studies how people acquire and apply knowledge or information. It is closely related to the highly interdisciplinary cognitive science and influenced by artificialRead MoreThe Construction of Risk: 9/11 Terrorist Attack and the Response to It2009 Words   |  9 PagesIn general, cognitive science ignores the symbolic meanings that humans give to objects and events. Lupton makes this clear by saying that perception in realism is restricted only to the way people see and comprehend the world through their senses and brain-functioning (Lupton, 1999). The realists have a tendency to place people outside the cultural and political frameworks, relationships, and insti tutions within which their beliefs and behaviours are constructed. This tendency is not correct becauseRead MoreAristotle And Plato s Influence On Western Philosophical Tradition2851 Words   |  12 Pagesgroups: the Rationalists, who were mostly in France and Germany that argued that all knowledge must begin from certain innate ideas.† Some major rationalists were Rene Descartes, Nicolas Malebranche, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Leibniz. The second group, the Empiricists, held that knowledge must begin with sensory experience. Some major figures in this line of thought were John Locke, David Hume, and George Berkeley. Immanuel Kant is retrospectively responsible for these categories because his philosophyRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pagesand â€Å"nurture† in human development date from ancient times, but they were especially prominent during the Renaissance. What do the terms â€Å"nature† (or nativism) and â€Å"nurture† (or nurturism ) mean? What are the basic positions of persons on each side of the debate? Why is the debate today seen as based on a false dichotomy, so that instead of nurture vs. nurture, the term â€Å"gene-environment interaction@ is used instead? ïÆ'  Nature: posits certain inborn structures of mind (Rene Descartes 1596-1650, George

Rebecca Study Guide Questions (Chapters 1-3) Essay examples

Ezra Nugiel Ms. Rocchino English 2H, Period C Rebecca Study Guide: Chapters 1-3 Chapter 1 1. Describe the setting of the narrator’s dream: the house, the drive, the plant life, the general atmosphere. The narrator opens the novel with the line â€Å"Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again.† At Manderley, there is an â€Å"iron gate leading to the drive†. Upon this gate there is a â€Å"padlock and chain†. The gate’s spokes are â€Å"rusted† and the lodge further down the drive is â€Å"uninhabited†. There is â€Å"no smoke† coming from the chimney of the lodge and the â€Å"little lattice† windows are open and abandoned. The drive winds, twists, and turns, however it is different than the narrator remembers. It is now â€Å"narrow and unkempt†. The drive’s â€Å"gravel†¦show more content†¦Consider the opening line. Do you sense that the narrator is relived or yearning for something she can never have again? Explain why you feel the way you do. The narrator can â€Å"never go b ack† to Manderley because â€Å"the past is still too close† to her. The things that she and Maxim have tried to put behind them â€Å"would stir again†. There would be a â€Å"sense of fear, or furtive unrest, struggling at length to blind unreasoning panic†. I sense that the narrator yearns for something she can never have again. She beings to talk about the current circumstances that prevent her from going back such as â€Å"the past is still too close to us†. This suggests that she is looking forward to a time where the past won’t be too close because she indeed wants to return to Manderley. The extensive description of Manderley in Chapter 1 also suggests that she felt more comfortable there as opposed to her current life. Although she endured awful things at Manderley, she yearns to return to a place and time where she didn’t have such painful memories, and that was at Manderley. 2. What impression do you get of Maxim in the third paragraph of chapter 2? He looks â€Å"lost and puzzled†. All expression â€Å"died away from his dear face as though swept clean by an unseen hand†. Where this expression has left, a â€Å"beautiful†Show MoreRelatedLeadership Structures That Support A Collaborative Culture Of Professional Learning Communities7618 Words   |  31 Pages1 LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Case study research is the in-depth study of instances of a phenomenon in its natural context and from the perspective of the participants involved in the phenomenon. 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According to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted to having a premarital sex experience. Sexual activitiesRead MoreThe Prophecy Of The Temple2193 Words   |  9 Pages1 4 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Ezekiel and the New Temple Essay Submitted to Dr. Joel Ajayi, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of the course OBST 520 ? D06 Old Testament Orientation II by Oliver M. Brown April 10, 2016 ii Introduction The prophecy of the Temple in Ezekiel 40-48 is said to be one of the most difficult portion of scripture. Many commentators have proposed varying views and approaches. It has even been reported thatRead MoreEssay on Interpreting Hamlet’s Ophelia3518 Words   |  15 PagesOphelia in love with Hamlet, or did she have more feeling for her father than for her boyfriend? In Shakespeare’s Hamlet was Ophelia’s madness contributed to by the prince’s rejection of her? The answers to these and other questions about this tragic figure will be given. Rebecca West in â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption† argues that Ophelia has no love for Hamlet, but only for her father: For the myth which has been built round Hamlet is never more perverse than when it

Don Robertson and Charlotte Perkins Gilman explore the...

Don Robertson and Charlotte Perkins Gilman explore the theme of personal identity throughout their works, from Robertson’s The Greatest Thing Since Sliced Bread, to Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper. Though both Don Robertson and Charlotte Perkins Gilman both illustrate and explore the theme of personal identity in very different ways, there are also many similar ways it is illustrated and explored by both authors as well. Don Robertson shows this theme of personal identity through Morris Bird’s cautious sense of right and wrong and how he tries to atone for his mistakes throughout the book and wanting to earn self-respect for himself as well as through his journey to see his best friend, Stanley Chaloupka while Gilman shows this through the†¦show more content†¦How about when Morris Bird took the journey with his little sister Sandra to see his dearest friend Stanley Chaloupka? Morris Birds journey taught him a lot not only about self-respect but about hims elf as well, playing into the theme of personal identity because Morris Bird continues to learn a lot about him-self through this journey he took. Even after the explosion happened when he was inches away from Stanley Chaloupka’s house, Morris Bird showed a lot of character because of his bravery and strong will to keep going as well as saving the lives of Barbara Sternad and the legless man, even with the intensity of explosion and people dying all around (Robertson). That example right there shows more into how the theme of personal identity is prevalent throughout the entire book as well as throughout Morris Birds entire journey to see his best friend, Stanley Chaloupka, even though he does not get to see his friend overall. From the beginning of the Morris’s journey all the way to end with the disaster explosion, he learns about self-respect and personal identity, he learns about himself. Don Robertson portrays personal identity throughout the entire book showing h ow the protagonist, Morris Bird III develops through his journey learning self-respect and personal identity within himself not only for himself but for

The Technological Revolution (2174 words) Essay Example For Students

The Technological Revolution (2174 words) Essay The Technological RevolutionThe Technological RevolutionTechnological Changes of the Past and PresentThe technology which surrounds almost everyone in the modern society, affects both work and leisure activities. Technology contains information that many would rather it did not have. It influences minds in good and bad ways, and it allows people to share information which they would otherwise not be able to attain. Even if a person does not own a computer or have credit cards, there is information on a computer somewhere about everyone. The technology which is just now beginning to be manipulated and harnessed is affecting the minds of small children and adolescents in ways that could be harmful. It is affecting our immediate future. It also gives another form of communication and exchange of information which was not available before, information that is both good and bad. Technology is one of the principal driving forces of the future; it is transforming our lives and shaping our future at rates unprecedented in history, with profound implications which we cant even begin to see or understand. Many different elements affect how satisfied we are with our lives. The impact of technology on these elements can change how safe, healthy and happy people feel. Throughout history, people have looked for better ways to meet their needs and to satisfy their expectations. Technology has improved the way people feed, clothe and shelter themselves. Technology has also changed other aspects of everyday life, such as health care, education, job satisfaction, and leisure time activities. People have used technology since they first chipped stone blades to improve their hunting. Yet some people call the current age the Technological Age because of societys dependence on technology. For the first time in human history, almost all the goods and services people use depend on technology. The products of technology are available to almost everyone in society. The economy of a country influences how the people of the county live. Technology is often considered the key to a nations economic growth. Most economists would say that it is one of the factors in economic growth, but they would probably disagree about its importance. Many economists think that if technology sparks growth in one sector of the economy in the form of increased productivity, growth will also occur in other sectors of the economy. Jobs may be lost in one industry, such as agriculture but new jobs may emerge in other sectors of the economy. There may be more jobs or, in some case, completely new kinds of jobs. Technology may also be used to solve urgent problems. Our growing population is using up infinite supplies of natural resources. Innovations in technology can allow for more efficient use of limited or scarce resources. More products might be made from the same amount of raw material using new techniques. Technology can increase productivity to help countries compete with other countries in selling goods and services. Some say that without technological improvements, the economy would grow slowly or not at all. Society could remain the same for years, some what like the early Middle Ages in Europe, in which there was little economic change for hundreds of years. Ways to manufacture goods have changed continuously through history. Today, several important new advances in technology are transforming. These technologies create new products; most of them also change the way people in society interact. These technologies have a tremendous impact on our monetary resources. Some of the technologies which are having the greatest effect on the economy are: robotics, automation and computerization. Robotics: Artificial IntelligenceAlthough robotics have a well-established position in the Japanese industry, it has not, so far, turned out to be what many experts thought it would. Businesses in the United States and Europe have not embraced industrial robots at nearly the rate of the Japanese, and other more consumer oriented versions are very much in the development phase. Even so, industry sources believe that the use of robots to make clothes and other consumer goods will be common by the turn of the century. This general trend (the use of robotics) is likely to change, perhaps dramatically, in the next two decades. Robots are in one sense collections of other more basic technologies: sensors, controlling and analysis software, pattern recognition capabilities and so on. Most all of these other technologies will make significant strides in capability, size, power requirements, and other design characteristics and the integration of these other advances should accrue directly to robotics. The Vision And Mission Of Airasia Business EssayComputerization: Extraordinary TechnologyComputers are used in most manufacturing industries today. Computers are used to automate processes in much faster ways . These can be office procedures such as word processing or bookkeeping, or production processes such as cutting and assembling clothes. Computers are becoming an important part of industrial design. Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) are new terms which describe the important role computers have come to play in our industry. The wide use to computers has stimulated companies which manufacture the many parts needed to make and operate them. Some people, however feel that computer technology has gone too far. It may create problems such as machine errors in peoples records and banks and governments may gain access to private financial information. Computerization has made it easier for banks to keep track of individual baking transactions so charges for these have increased. Branch-bank employees worry that computers and automated tellers may replace people. While technological change has been a priority for banks over the last years, they also recognize the need to communicate in person with customers. Banks must manage money and data effectively but they must also maintain personal relations. Bank personnel may be assisted with computer and some services may work well when automated, but banks will probably never lose their staffs to machines. A new, information-technology-driven circle of growth has replaced the aging manufacturing ring and scarcely not many have noticed. The statistics that told us so much about the economys health during the 1920s to the 1980s are still treated with a reverence they no longer deserve. Thats why the experts have so much trouble explaining whats going on now. The prophets mumbled about the severity of the recession in industry; rising unemployment; a weakening currency. Now, statistics can be managed to produce all sorts of results. But no matter how you shake or stir them, the numbers show plainly that a New Economy, embodied and driven by technology, information and innovation, has emerged, with little fanfare, in the past decade. And though it would be impossible to tell from the general statistics, this New Economy is absolutely booming, with no peak in sight. Now with the new wave of the Internet minds of not only small children, but also adolescents and adults become influenced by this outside information. As the mind develops, things such as pornography is no longer the main concern. Now, because of the easy access to information, the fourteen years old who has just discovered that she failed ninth grade can find out how to make a bomb out of household detergents. As can the laid-off business man, the dumped boyfriend, and the deranged psycho. My general sentiment about technology, and the Internet are simple. In light of the history of mass communication, there is nothing we can do to protect any media from the sound byte or any other form of commercial poisoning. But, our countrys public opinion doesnt have to fall into a nose-dive of lies and corruption, because of it! Television doesnt have to be a weapon against us, used to sway our opinions or to conform to people who care about their own prosperity, not ours. With the power of a critical thinking education, we can stop being motivated by the sound byte and, instead we can laugh at it as a cheap attempt to persuade us and have a little fun with it. Technology is not all bad. The whole point of this is that people have to be sure that everyone is aware of all the good and bad aspects of technology. I feel that the advance of technology is a good trend for our society; however, it must be in conjunction with advances in education so that society is able to master and understand technology. In the future we may see many problems arising from this new wave of technology. Unemployment numbers will most probably rise, crime will increase, and We can be the masters of technology, and not let it be the masters of us. Technology

Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment. Answer: Introduction: Unconscionability can mean many things and may arise from a number of circumstances. In the present essay, an attempt has been made to explain and comment on these issues. The law has always been trying to find the ways in which protection Management can be provided to the rising number of consumers. Such provisions are present in the sister-in-law and also in the common law. The need for providing protection to consumers has been rising as a result of the large number of consumers who want to face disadvantage in their transactions due to the unfair practices adopted by businesses. In this way, the present essay also looks at the changes that have occured in the statutory law and also in common law (Carlin, 2002). A major decision given by the court in this regard was that of Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd. v Amadio (1983). This decision had a lot of impact on the doctrine of unconscionability. As a result, in the present essay, an attempt has been made to examine the effect of un conscionability on the contracts. At this point, it is worth mentioning that the decision given in Amadio's case was the first such a decision where the court relied upon the doctrine of unconscionability and as a result, this case can be described as the driving force behind the amendment of unconscionability that took place in the law of contract. Similarly, there has been a rising number of consumer protection laws that were introduced for the purpose of providing justice to the consumers and also to enforce the "unconscionable conduct" laws that may be present in the contracts concluded between the parties. Generally, the trader has the ownership of the business transactions and as a result, it is also the responsibility of the trader to ensure that the transaction created between the parties can be described as fair and reasonable. In this way, unconscionability can be described as a doctrine of contract law that has been initially introduced for the purpose of maintaining fair play and equity. As a result, the term unconscionable conduct can be described as being associated with the behavior as a result of which the court may be required to provide relief to the other party. This doctrine was used by the High Court in Blomley v Ryan (1956). But the application of unconscionability in contract law, received significant strength when this doctrine was used by the court in the decision given in Amadio's case. Consequently, it will be helpful to briefly describe the effects of this case. Mr. and Mrs. Amadio were an elderly migrant couple from Italy. They had provided guaranteed for the loan taken by their son. In this case, the loan was taken by their son's company from Commercial Bank of Australia. The bank manager had close relations with their son. At the same time, the manager of the bank was also well aware of the business realities. He also knew very well that perhaps their son, Vincenzo Amadio had made a misrepresentation to his parents for the purpose of obtaining the guarantee of his parents for the loan that he was going to take from the bank. After the loan was taken, the construction business of their son failed. The bank tried to enforce the guarantee that had been provided by Mr. and Mrs. Amadio and mortgaged their building with the bank. Under these circumstances, the issue that needed to be decided was if Mr. and Mrs. Amadio can be held to be bound by this transaction. Similarly if the contract of guarantee was enforceable against the elderly couple, particularly in view of the circumstances under which the contract was signed by them. It also needs to be mentioned that Mr. and Mrs. Amadio were in there advanced years of age. They also had little comprehension of English. Similarly, no professional and independent advice was provided to Mr. and Mrs. Amadio in relation with the contract. The court also noted the fact that even if the bank manager. Mr. Virgo, knew very well regarding the business situation of the company of Vincenzo but he also referred to keep quite instead of advising the elderly couple that they should seek independent advice regarding the contract. In this way the court noted the fact that at the time of the execution of the mortgage by Mr. and Mrs. Amadio, the bank was aware of the unstable financial position of the company of their son. The bank also knew the perhaps Mr. and Mrs. Amadio did not knew this fact and they were under the impression that the business of their son was going on well. Another important fact noted by the court was that while the elderly couple believed that their liability under the contract was limited to $50,000, the bank did not inform them that in fact, there liability as the guarantors for the loan, was unlimited. Under these circumstances, while delivering the decision, the court held that the bank manager knew very well that the elderly couple was facing a special disability. Still, the bank decided not to take any steps to make sure that Mr. and Mrs. Amadio were fully aware of the transaction. Consequently Management, the court stated that an advantage has been taken by the bank regarding the o pportunity that was available to it and this was unconscientious. According to the court, the doctrine of unconscionability relied on this underlying basis. After the decision given in this case, the concept of unconscionability became a part of contract law. Similarly, changes also took place in the statutory law as a result of this decision. The term unconscionability can be distinguished in two ways. First of all, there is the procedural unconscionability (Beatson and Virgo, 2002). It is related with the disadvantage suffered by the weaker party, while the negotiations are going on. In such a case, the stronger party has taken in one page of the fact that either the consumer does not have sufficient knowledge or understanding concerning the contract or an independent decision cannot be made by the consumer concerning the transaction (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). The law provides that if in such a case the trader had failed to mention to the consumer that certain avenues are available to the consumer for getting help him clearly understanding the terms of the contract, it is a lapse on part of the trader. Hence it can be conclu ded in such a case that the trader had tried to take advantage of the lack of understanding of the consumer and achieve a benefit for himself (Grantham and Rickett, 2001). The second case is of a substantive unconscionability. It deals with the unfairness of the terms of the contract or the outcome of the contract. It may also reveal that a party to the contract has to suffer undue influence or coercion while entering into the contract. Therefore in such a case, an independent decision cannot be made by the consumer as a result of the undue influence. While the general position is that the courts do not go into the question if a good bargain or bad bargain has been received by a party to the contract. However, this question will be explored by the court while it is deciding the issue if a chance was available to the party to decide if it was in their best interest to enter the contract or not (Kremer, 2001). In view of the fact that generally been unconscionable if he is alleged, a difference is present in the bargaining power of the parties, it is easy for individuals or small companies to allege unconscionability against large corporations. Hence, the introduction of the doctrine of unconscionability plays for the purpose of ensuring that the stronger party is aware of the fact that the other party is suffering from a special disadvantage (Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd., 2013). As a result of the decision of the court in Amadio case, it is required from the stronger party to establish in the court that the contract created between the parties was fair, just and reasonable. Several developments have taken place in this field of law after the decision delivered by the court in Amadio's case. These changes included the amendments made in the earlier Trade Practices Act, 1974. At the same time, changes were also introduced in the Corporations Act, 2001 and ASIC Act, 2001. Similarly, some changes are also made in the various codes of conducts of the industry. For instance, reforms took place in the financial services sector after this decision. The effect of these changes was that now the main responsibilities of the ASIC to handle the issues related with consumer protection in financial field. The decision regarding the application of the unconscionable conduct provisions to the contracts dealing with financial services has to be made keeping in view the particular exclusion clauses and also the definitions that have been mentioned in the ASIC Act Management. The apex body in Victorian is the Financial and Consumer Rights Council for the financial counselors. Financial counselors are provided resources and support by the Council and it also promotes the needs of the consumers who have to deal with financial problems. Similarly, it is also the responsibility of the Council to provide information and advocacy to the consumers were facing problems in the financial sector. The Council works in tandem with the community sectors. At the same time, the services of the Council are provided for free to the consumers. Moreover, these services are independent and confidential. The main reason due to bridge these services are provided to the consumers is to advocate for the vulnerable consumers if they have to deal with financial difficulties. In order to fulfill this objective, the Council supports financial counselors. Similarly, the Council also helps through stakeholder relationships in order to create a systemic change. Similarly, the Council pr ovides support to the financial counseling sector through advocacy, law reform, case work, and through the adoption and maintenance of best practices. In the present context, consumer advocacy means to provide a voice to the affected consumers. When a review of the history of consumer advocates see in Australia is made, this view is further supported. Similarly, after considering the literature in which the term advocacy has been used and also after going through the mission statements of various organizations that are working as the consumer advocates, the same view appears to be present. At the same time, the view is also gaining support that further steps need to be taken if the voices of the consumers are not heard in Victoria (or if these voices are not sufficiently heard) as can be seen in other parts of Australia, and also in other countries. It is very significant that the consumer advocates should act as the voice of the consumers. At the same time, they should also act by considering the long-term interests of the consumers. The consumer organizations are required to be effective even if there are significant restraints present for them like the constraints of resources. As a result, generally, these organizations adopt the strategy of working smarter and harder as against the voices they are opposing. Similarly, these organizations also stretch the available resources beyond the natural constraints. Although it is difficult to claim that consumer advocacy has proved to be highly effective. As a result, it can be said that the present arrangements in Victoria related with consumer advocacy are still less effective than required. References Beatson J and Virgo, G J (2002) Contract, Unjust Enrichment and Unconscionability, 118 Law Quarterly Review 352 Carlin, T.M., (2002) The Rise (And Fall?) of Implied Duties of Good Faith in Contractual Performance in Australia, UNSWLawJl 4 Grantham R and Rickett, C (2001) On the Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment, 117 Law Quarterly Review 273 Kremer, B (2001) The Action for Money Had and Received, 17 Journal of Contract Law 93. Paterson, Robertson Duke, (2009) Contract: Cases and Materials, Lawbook Co, 11th ed. Paterson, Robertson Duke, (2009) Principles of Contract Law, Lawbook Co, 3rd ed. Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447, 461 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594 Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd [2013] HCA 25 Louth v Diprose (1992) 175 CLR 621