Exam Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam Questions - Essay Example The free market system has been widely accepted both in national and global economies because countries and peoples the world over desire a better standard of living which is only gained through developing their local, regional and national economy. This can occur only by opening up trade markets to wider or global markets. The success of the free market system is evident when one examines the distinction between Europe and North America and Africa, for example. Developing countries are looking to free market societies as a guide to their economic future. Asia is a recent case in point as a group of economies which could not have grown without benefit of liberlised trade practices. Â  The policies of a free market system is envied, emulated and remains the ‘gold standard’ of national economic policy accepted by economists, businessmen, politicians and academics worldwide (Brace, 2001). Overwhelming evidence has demonstrated that free trade economic policies open markets to foreign investment and trade which is necessary to initiate and/or sustain economic development. No national economy has realized increased economic growth in the last half century without having an open market strategy or has any country gained considerable growth in the standard of living among its population. The reduction of trade restrictions along with the opening of monetary incentives to foreign investments over the last two decades has combined to stimulate economic development in eastern Asian countries. The average import levied in these countries of East Asia has dropped to 10 percent from 30 percent in this time period which proves a direct connection between open economies and prosperity.

The Lemon Tree Dilemma Essay Example for Free

The Lemon Tree Dilemma Essay I have completed a full investigation of your organization, The Lemon Tree, regarding issues that have arisen which have caused dissonance with the equal employment opportunity laws. To begin with, there have been specific incidents that have been properly documented that have clearly violated the Title VII laws of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Two of your managers from different departments of your corporation have infringed upon certain rights of the Title VII Civil Rights Act. To begin with, an infringement of the harassment policy under Title VII was violated by the heads of two distinct research departments. Firstly, it has been noted that the manager, Paul Peel, had harassed the employee, Peter Dragon, regarding the issue of drug use. During my investigation, I had come to realize that Mr. Peter Dragon did have past occurrences of drug use that your company had discovered via drug testing. However, I have also took into consideration that he had passed the majority of the drug tests and the ones in which he failed on were due to traces of various chemicals that Mr. Dragon was exposed to during his daily work tasks. Moreover, I have also considered the fact that your company had financially sponsored Mr. Dragon to spend time in a drug rehabilitation center to cure him of his drug addiction. Furthermore, the doctor in charge of Mr. Dragon at the rehabilitation center had advised that he had been fully cured from his addiction.

Puerto Rican Music and Its Significance :: Culture Cultural Spanish Migration Essays

Puerto Rican Music and Its Significance Spanish music didn’t mean a thing to me growing up, nor did Puerto Rican musicians. I remember listening to Spanish music and not understanding a word that the artists would sing about, but I do remember dancing on my father’s feet to the beat. Though I was a little off beat and stumbling over my feet, I had a great time trying to move. We generally listened to various artists on special occasions, in the car while sight seeing the suburbs and after church on Sundays. Though I dreaded to listen to Spanish music, I had no choice but to because my parents always did. I detested Spanish music in my younger years because I lacked the knowledge of the language. I never realized that Spanish music had a great influence on the Puerto Rican population. As Glasser mentioned, she herself was in the process of just beginning to learn about Spanish music, as I am in the process of. She states, "My Spanish needed a great deal of work, and my musical training was minimal" (p.xviii, G lasser). As a Puerto Rican American I couldn’t understand why Spanish music was such a big deal to my parents and other family members? Now that I’m a bit older, I still don’t understand why Latin music brings out the Puerto Ricanness in the Puerto Rican community. But after reading "My Music Is My Flag" by Ruth Glasser, I found that Puerto Rican music is so important to the Puerto Rican community because Spanish music links us with our history and has been apart of our culture from the beginning of the Spanish ruling. As I elaborate on the questions listed below, I will also try to fit this paper into the perspective of my life and how Spanish music and Puerto Rican musicians affected me growing up. The questions are as follows: 1. How did Puerto Rican culture evolve during the first decade of American rule as experienced through Puerto Rican musicians in the United States? 2. How was Puerto Rican popular culture experienced within the island and the Diaspora? 3. And how was Puerto Rican identity and culture expressed through music? Puerto Ricans musicians had to start somewhere and somehow so they began with a well-mannered protest, in the following objective. "But Governor, that’s not what the law provides for or what we desire: we want to establish a music school where Puerto Ricans can develop there artistic talents, in the highest sense, and according to the standards established in foreign conservatories. Puerto Rican Music and Its Significance :: Culture Cultural Spanish Migration Essays Puerto Rican Music and Its Significance Spanish music didn’t mean a thing to me growing up, nor did Puerto Rican musicians. I remember listening to Spanish music and not understanding a word that the artists would sing about, but I do remember dancing on my father’s feet to the beat. Though I was a little off beat and stumbling over my feet, I had a great time trying to move. We generally listened to various artists on special occasions, in the car while sight seeing the suburbs and after church on Sundays. Though I dreaded to listen to Spanish music, I had no choice but to because my parents always did. I detested Spanish music in my younger years because I lacked the knowledge of the language. I never realized that Spanish music had a great influence on the Puerto Rican population. As Glasser mentioned, she herself was in the process of just beginning to learn about Spanish music, as I am in the process of. She states, "My Spanish needed a great deal of work, and my musical training was minimal" (p.xviii, G lasser). As a Puerto Rican American I couldn’t understand why Spanish music was such a big deal to my parents and other family members? Now that I’m a bit older, I still don’t understand why Latin music brings out the Puerto Ricanness in the Puerto Rican community. But after reading "My Music Is My Flag" by Ruth Glasser, I found that Puerto Rican music is so important to the Puerto Rican community because Spanish music links us with our history and has been apart of our culture from the beginning of the Spanish ruling. As I elaborate on the questions listed below, I will also try to fit this paper into the perspective of my life and how Spanish music and Puerto Rican musicians affected me growing up. The questions are as follows: 1. How did Puerto Rican culture evolve during the first decade of American rule as experienced through Puerto Rican musicians in the United States? 2. How was Puerto Rican popular culture experienced within the island and the Diaspora? 3. And how was Puerto Rican identity and culture expressed through music? Puerto Ricans musicians had to start somewhere and somehow so they began with a well-mannered protest, in the following objective. "But Governor, that’s not what the law provides for or what we desire: we want to establish a music school where Puerto Ricans can develop there artistic talents, in the highest sense, and according to the standards established in foreign conservatories.

Tuberculosis :: essays research papers fc

Tuberculosis TB is a disease that can cause a serious illness and can damage a person's organs. Every year more than 25,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with TB disease. That's only a fraction of the amount of people who carry the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod-shaped bacterium. TB is spread through the air by carriers of the germ. People who breathe the same air can become infected with the TB germ. People who do work around or with people with the TB disease should take medicine. TB infection means that the person has the TB germs but they are in an inactive state. When TB germs enter the body, the immune system builds a wall around them. While TB germs are inactive, they cannot cause any damage. These germs can stay alive for many years in these walls and eventually break out. At this time TB is active then it becomes TB disease. It can now affect the system's organs. A person can have TB disease shortly after being infected with TB germs if the person's immune system is weak. TB can attack any part of the system. The lungs are the most common area of attack. People with the TB disease have one or more of the following symptoms: a cough that hangs on, fevers, weight loss, night sweats, constant fatigue, and loss of appetite. A person with the TB disease in the late stages will cough up blood streaked sputum. People who have Active TB disease usually only have mild symptoms. There are three tests to diagnose TB disease. One is the Tuberculin Mantoux PPD skin test; two is a Chest X-ray which is given after the Skin test is positive; three Sputum Test reveals if TB germs are in thick liquid a person coughs up. The Tuberculin Mantoux PPD skin test is given by placing a substance called PPD Tuberculin under the top layer of the skin with a very small needle and syringe. The doctor will inject the needle into the skin which will only feel like a slight pen prick. A few days later the skin test reaction will be read by a trained health worker. If the skin around the prick israised and it is bigger or the same size as a pencil eraser then the person is likely to have been infected with TB germs. This does not mean he or she has TB disease. You should always retest yourself even if the first test was negative for a few reasons. If your immune system has been weakened, then your immune system may

Aphorism in Life

â€Å"Those who made sacrifices at first, earned happiness In the end† This aphorism came from my own experience and what I want to experience soon. My parents always told me â€Å"Nanas Kenton an Lang mackintosh aka rein, mastitis aka man†. Overtime I heard that, I always pray and talk to myself that â€Å"l know God loves me†. I have a lot of sacrifices made just to be here, to study and to reach for my dreams. My parents can't afford to send me to school that's why I stopped one year after I graduated high school.I worked for nine months and after that by God's grace an acquaintance of my ether told me that he wants to support my study. I was really glad because of that opportunity, but of course I need to do my part to them. I worked for their pharmacy every summer and when the school year started I will work for them as the housekeeper, cleaning and washing the clothes and dishes. I have a lot of sacrifices done Just to reach my dream and to help my family. There are times that my allowance is not enough but I didn't complaint for it. I will Just say to myself that all of the bad things happening to my life have a reason.Sometimes unexpected things name on our way. But all we need to do Is be patient, pray and sacrifice whenever we want to achieve something. And when the time comes, happiness will come on our way without noticing it. Don't look at the other's people state in life if they are rich; set that as the inspiration to be like them. If you are poor, don't make yourself down. It's not your fault to be born poor; but it's yours if you die poor. We should not hesitate to take risks, because if we know how to take risk and know how to sacrifice, the fruit of those sacrifices will be sweet.If we want to reach something In our life, we better prepare for the future and study hard. We should work for It and not depend on luck. Believe me, all the sacrifices and patience have a good result. Never ever give up when we think that we can 't do it anymore, that's why we have family and friends to help us in our struggles. Life is just a matter of choice, giving up or fight for what you want. As the oldest sister in the family, I have to fight for my dreams and help my family. I really want to give them a comfortable life that we are not experience until today.My father needs to work hard because If not, my younger sisters and brothers will not be able to go to school. I saw and feel their sacrifices for us and I put up In my mind that time will come their sacrifices will bear. I will let them experience how life is full of happiness and not only suffering. They are my inspiration, the reason why I stay strong and do not surrender in any kind of challenges I have faced. Like what we said, â€Å"The rain will stop and the sun will rise again†. We should not lose hope because blessings will come right on our way without noticing It.Because In all rills and challenges, there are good things that will happen. If at first things will not doing well we should learn to be patient and call God's name. Of course, we should also do our job and responsibilities to achieve our goal. Let's not waste our time doing nothing or doing bad things because, the result will not be good also. While we're young we should know the true meaning of life, it's not Just about being a happy-go-lucky ones, it's about knowing what Is the true meaning of life and learn how to sacrifice with Just simple things, appreciate what we have and see the true.

How To Say Again in Spanish

How To Say Again in Spanish Although Spanish has no single word that means again, it has at least three common ways of expressing the concept. They are usually interchangeable. Key Takeaways: 'Again' in Spanish The most common way of expressing the concept of again in Spanish is by using the verb volver followed by a and an infinitive.The adverbial phrases otra vez and de nuevo also are frequently used to mean again.The phrase una y otra vez can be used to strongly emphasize the concept of again. Volver a + Infinitive Volver typically means to turn or to return, but when followed by the preposition a and an infinitive it is perhaps the most common way of saying again. If you think of volver a as meaning to return to, you can see how it can be used in all tenses and moods. Nunca volverà © a trabajar en esta ciudad. (I will never again work in this city.)Es probable que no vuelva a escribir. (She probably isnt writing again.)El jefe vuelve a vender acciones de Microsoft. (The boss is again selling shares in Microsoft.)Es importante que volvamos a tener un cierto respeto por el acto de comer. (It is important that we again have a certain respect for the act of eating.)Costanzo volvià ³ a defenderse. (Costanzo again defended himself.)No quiero que vuelvas a llorar. (I dont want you to cry again.)Quiero volver a viajar con mi madre a Buenos Aires. (I want to travel again with my mother to Buenos Aires.) Otra Vez Literally, otra vez means another time. Note that una should not precede this phrase. Its use is especially common in partial sentences, i.e., ones with no verb. In complete sentences, otra vez, like most adverbs, is usually placed next to (either directly before or after) or after the verb it modifies. The same is true for other again phrase show below. Siento que otra vez va a pasar lo mismo. (I feel the same thing is going to happen again.)Mucha tarea otra vez. (Much homework again.)Est otra vez de moda. (Its in style again.)Parece que olvidaron otra vez explicarme el problema. (It seems that they again forgot to explain the problem to me.)El mecanismo empezà ³ otra vez a responder. (The mechanism began to respond again.) De Nuevo Like otra vez, de nuevo can be used in partial sentences without a verb. Unlike the English equivalent of anew, its closest equivalent, de nuevo has colloquial as well as formal usage. Brasil, de nuevo campeà ³n mundial. (Brazil, again the world champion.)Voy a escribir de nuevo a usted tambià ©n. (Im going to write to you again.)Hace unos meses me hablà ³ de nuevo. (A few months ago she spoke to me again.)Empezarà © de nuevo sin mirar atrs. (I will begin again without looking back.)Tan pronto la tenemos, contactaremos de nuevo contigo. (As soon as we have it, we will contact you again.) Miscellaneous Translations of 'Again' A common equivalent of again and again is una y otra vez. El nuevo presidente se contradice una y otra vez. (The president contradicts himself again and again.)Es importante escuchar una y otra vez. (It is important to listen again and again.) ¿Hay pelà ­culas que podrà ­as ver una y otra vez sin cansarte? (Are there movies you could see again and again without getting tired of them?) There are a few idioms where again doesnt mean another time. Among them are its uses in the phrase now and again, which can be translated as de vez en cuando, and the phrase then again, which can be translated as por otra parte. Los delfines nos visitan de vez en cuando. (Dolphins visit us now and again. You could also translate this sentence to English using phrases such as occasionally and from time to time.)Si no te equivocas de vez en cuando, es que no lo intentas. (If you dont make a mistake now and again, its because you arent trying.)Por otra parte, no vamos a confiar en este software. (Then again, we arent going to trust this software. You also could translate this sentence using phrases such as on the other hand or furthermore, depending on the context.)Por otra parte, no queremos acusar a ellos de ser locos. (Then again, we dont want to accuse them of being crazy.)

Fight Club and Tyler Durden Essay example

Fight Club and Tyler Durden Essay example Fight Club and Tyler Durden Essay example Saravanabavan 1 Sentha Saravanabavan Ms. Marsh ENG4U1 January 8 2012 With power comes great responsibility as society would say it; however, to gain power one must take a stand against those who step on the lower society. The novel, fight club by Chuck Palahniuk, displays how power is achieved and brought up by total dominance of the lower class. After analyzing how the power and dominance is achieved, it is evident that in order to achieve it in the social structure, there must be a solid leader, devoted followers and circumstances that lead and cause to achieve the will of dominance. In order to achieve the will of dominance, a committed and powerful leader is crucial. In order to be a powerful leader; they need to have good qualities of leadership. In the novel of powerful dictatorship, Fight Club, Tyler Durden, being a good and strong leader, can achieve personal power and dominance. Many see the leaders right before their eyes as they triumph over a victory they have achieved also others may have impersonated leaders mentally and projecting it themselves. As close as a friend the narrator is with Tyler Durden, even when â€Å"[his] words carry right out [his] mouth.† (Palahniuk 98) Not only do they impersonate the leader but also â€Å"admire[s] what [he’s] doing [as he] makes [himself] the homework assignment.† (Palahniuk 187) Tyler Durden displays how a good leader functions in an orderly manner and with great qualities and skills he carries dictatorship to a tremendous expectation. Though, qualities of being a good leader also carry the ability to make good decisions, and the ability to prioritize his goals. Tyler Durden, a solid leader, believes sacrifice delivers importance in a Saravanabavan 2 nonprofit organization. He believes â€Å"without sacrifice, [they] would have nothing.† (Palahnuik 78) Since it is a key quality to achieve power over higher part of society, it’s also an essential when developing dominance with sacrifice as Tyler Durden â€Å"[makes it] secure by the [choice of] sacrifice of a natural white man.† (Barker 1) A great leader can bring an army to a higher social structure where also with dictatorship, Tyler Durden can bring order and social structure when personal power is achieved and that’s where a solid leader steps up. As Tyler is a strong leader and he carries out his rule through Fight Club, the effectiveness of the leader highly depends on his column of support, the followers. Finding devoted fearless brigades, there has to be a cause to stand behind Tyler Durden. That cause has been discovered when Tyler explains to the commissioner â€Å"the people [that they] step on [they are] everyone [they] depend on [,] [they] are middle children of history.† (Palahnuik 166) As the lower class society transforms justice took its course and as a leader steps up the followers also rise up with Tyler Durden. Yet as being devoted as they are, the amount of loyalty and respect for Tyler they project devoutness throughout their journey beside their leader. Devotion is also another form to achieve power which is delivered and perceived through Fight Club. The Supporters display a sample of devotion as they â€Å"admire [at] what’s [he’s] doing† also communicating their loyalty when they say â€Å"[he’s] a brave man to make himself the homework assignment.† (Palahnuik 187) As Tyler Durden stands strong, the followers stand at the same level as their leader. Devotion and admiration from the supporters is a benefit for dominance in the social structure as power increases. They are influenced to show devotion by not only the way they are perceived but also the societal roles in which they are cast (the lower class) â€Å"as Saravanabavan 3 they ever were by the corporate civiliz ation from which [Tyler] is to rescue them.† (Crowdus 1) With devoted and fearless army, power is easily gained and the goal for total dominance is a step away from a new

Professional term paper writing help

Professional term paper writing help Term paper The first step to writing a great term paper is choosing a topic. However, it may be difficult as students are usually very busy doing numerous assignments. If you are assigned to produce an academic work for the first time, it may be a tough challenge. Nonetheless, you should not worry about it. Down below, you will find detailed instructions on preparing your piece of writing. If you follow them carefully, you will understand how to do everything in the right way. As it has been mentioned above, you need to select an interesting subject for your essay. Do not inhibit your creativity. Thus, you will be able to choose a fabulous topic. If you have any doubts, you should discuss your choice with the professor. Your teacher will give you useful tips on producing term papers properly. Moreover, you will make sure that no one else has the same subject as you. In addition, when consulting with your professor, you will have a great opportunity to specify the imposed academic requirements. When picking a topic, you should take into account that there are two types of papers: analytical and argumentative. You should be aware of their peculiarities in order to know how to write a term paper of superior quality. When preparing an argumentative work, you need to examine the issue fully, choose its one aspect and present your viewpoint on it. While producing analytical essays, it is necessary to see the explored subject from a new perspective. In this case, you should prove your opinion as well. Paper Writing Procedure When the topic is chosen, you should start doing research. It is understandable that you do not like sitting at the library and looking through different books and journals. Nevertheless, it is the best way to gather reliable data for your paper. Libraries are full of useful printed sources of valuable information about different research areas. Surely, you may use the Internet as well. A lot of reputable online resources may be found there. Do not forget to make proper references as a term paper format is as important as any other element of the paper. Sometimes, students leave writing their college term papers till the last minute. In this case, it is very easy to miss the deadline. For this reason, it is better to plan a daily schedule. You should know clearly what to do every day. First, you need to conduct a research. You may either go to the library or use the search engine. Note all ideas about the issue that seem useful. After that, you should write a thesis. The next step is to produce the body paragraphs. In this section, you should discuss major points. However, some of them should be left for summarizing the paper. Remember that your ideas have to be based on powerful arguments. The concluding section should sum up your work. No matter term paper topics, you should write a reasonable concluding section. Handy Tips When editing your work, you should pay close attention to formatting. Academic papers are usually formatted in the following styles: APA, Turabian, MLA, etc. Furthermore, you should check your piece of writing for plagiarism and grammar. Check your paper twice to make sure that it is written in the right way. By the way, if you cannot write an exclusive term paper on your own, feel free to get in touch with. Our professionals will provide you will expert assistance. We ensure that your work will be written from scratch and edited perfectly. In order to get valuable help from our company, you need to place an order on our website. Do not forget to provide us with explicit guidelines. You can be sure that you will receive an outstanding work.

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Employment Law - Essay Example faced by UK companies who are down sizing and may find it difficult to lay off employees, especially those that are disabled or belong to a minority race. This Report will also briefly examine the rights of employees under the new TUPE regulations. [1]. The changing business scenario within the U.K. poses several challenges, especially for those businesses that function within the hospitality sector. The airline industry in particular has been adversely affected by the threats posed by terrorist activity, as a result many of the larger carriers are resorting to the launch of budget airlines to offset costs, for example GO Airlines which is an offshoot of British Airways, Other budget, â€Å"no frills† airlines functioning within the UK are Ryan Air and Easy Jet airlines, which have been able to attract their fair share of travelers by offering cut throat low fares. The larger airlines however, have faced large scale losses as a result of which employee lay offs and/or mergers with other companies are more common now than before. Moreover, several airline companies are also sub contracting their services, for example catering, ticketing etc in order to reduce expenses and the position of independent contractors under UK law al so becomes relevant. Other issues that also arise in the context of the airline industry are issues of outsourcing some services or entering into mergers with other companies for some services and this could evoke the provisions of the TUPE Regulations within the UK that spell out the manner in which employee transfers are to take place through mergers.

Global Leadership and Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Leadership and Managment - Essay Example Keywords: global, Nokia, corporate social responsibility, stakeholders. Global Leadership and Management Nokia has always been one of the leaders of the global telecommunications industry. Nokia’s mobile gadgets are used and loved by millions of consumers around the world. The quality and efficiency of Nokia’s strategies cannot be overestimated. However, the company is not always sensitive to the needs and concerns of its employees and stakeholders. At the heart of this discussion is Nokia’s decision to move its production facilities from Germany to Romania. Of the biggest concern is the fact that German facilities have been extremely profitable, and Nokia’s striving to cut its costs by all possible means subjects thousands of employees to the risks of unemployment and poverty. The goal of this paper is to review the strategies used by Nokia in its movement to the top of the business hierarchy and to analyze the pros and cons of Nokia’s approaches t o global expansion and growth. Until 2008, Nokia had been the biggest global manufacturer of cell phones (Jain, 2009). Based in Finland, Nokia gradually turned into the leading provider of cell phone devices and applications in the global telecommunications industry. ... A decision was made to close the plant in Germany and move production facilities to Romania (Jain, 2009). Nokia believed that cost reductions was a necessity and would help the company to retain its profitable position in the global telecommunications industry (Jain, 2009). Reasons why Nokia decided to move its production facilities from Germany to Romania were simple and obvious: employees in Germany were paid ten times as much as employees in Romania would need to fulfill the same amount of work (Jain, 2009). Moreover, the creation of a new plant in Romania was part of Nokia’s low-cost strategy (Jain, 2009). At that time, the company ran a number of manufacturing facilities in Europe (namely, Hungary, Finland and Germany), a manufacturing plant in Britain, as well as in Africa and the Middle East (Jain, 2009). The plant in Germany added to the burden of costs carried by Nokia in Europe, and the company management felt that moving to Romania was the best way to stay competiti ve in the long run. The decision to move the production facilities from Germany to Romania stirred mass protests, and the wave of backlash resulting from employee opposition soon expanded to cover European consumers of Nokia (Jain, 2009). Employees disagreed with Nokia’s decision to move the plant to Romania, mainly because Nokia’s presence in Germany had been extremely profitable for the entire business (Jain, 2009). Labor unions in Germany called Nokia’s strategic plans unacceptable and inhuman (Jain, 2009). In the meantime, Nokia believed that the German plant would reduce the company’s global competitiveness (Jain, 2009). The plant accounted for more than

Marketing Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Audit - Essay Example Market planning can be defined as â€Å"all rational, incremental and intuitive processes that guide a firm’s marketing to its future.† (RAO. 2007) When we talk about marketing planning it may seem as an easy process, however in reality it’s a complicated multifaceted process that involves every aspect of an organization. Marketing planning can be referred to activities that are undertaken by the managers to achieve marketing objectives. In other words it’s a process to identify range of options that are available to the manager in order to achieve marketing objectives and then evaluate those options and plan accordingly. The outcomes of marketing planning process are the marketing strategies to achieve marketing objectives. Marketing planning involves a systematic process of reviewing the situation, assumption formulation, setting objectives about whom to sell and how to, decisions regarding the achievement of objectives and scheduling and costing out act ivities required for implementation. (MCDONALD & WILSON. 2011) The market planning comprises of four basic components, these include marketing objectives, marketing audit, marketing strategies and resource allocation and monitoring. All these components are interlinked and are extremely important for marketing planning. I shall discuss these components in detail further. I’ve been emphasizing that the aim of the marketing planning is to achieve marketing objective, marketing objectives are something that the marketing function strives to achieve as a part of business strategic plan which usually includes increase in sales, awareness about products, creation of brand, increase in market share etc, then these goals are converted to objectives which are measurable, like increasing sales and market share by 15% within one year, this could be measured by analyzing annual sales data and industry data and other publications. (LEVENS. 2012) Marketing Objectives and Strategies In order to achieve these marketing objectives the company has to make marketing strategies. The marketing objectives identified must be in accordance with company’s overall objectives. Marketing objectives can be easily identified on the basis of marketing mix objectives which simplifies the objectives setting process which later on lays basis for marketing strategies to achieve those objectives. A marketing strategy is a series of action statements which are also known as tactics. Effective marketing strategy is critical to successful marketing plan; therefore these would be given extra importance when a marketing plan is being set up. (LANCASTER & MASSINGHAM. 2010) The Integration of Marketing Planning into Objectives and Strategies Planning itself includes goal setting and development of strategies to achieve those goals. The objective or goals and strategies to achieve these will be the outcome of marketing planning process. The marketing strategies tell what should be done and the strategic and operational plans guide how the strategies s hould

Digital Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Digital Intellectual Property - Essay Example If that source code—or the idea behind the software—is not available to the public, then the software is â€Å"closed source† (Anderson, 2004). In the case of open source software, the opposite is true. The source code is available to the public and can be altered by the public without a violation of the license. Thus, software can range between having its source code completely blocked off from the public, to software where the source code is read-only to the public, to software where the source code is open to the world and alterable (Richard, 2003). This issue of making software â€Å"open source† and freely available to all to change creates some ethical problems in the era of rapid transfer of files over the internet. There are a number of avenues to use when analyzing any ethical issue. Perhaps the most common method in academic philosophy is a utilitarian perspective. Built on the concern that any action should maximize the happiness of society as a whole, utilitarianism would not be able to answer the question of whether open source software is ethical. Many of those questions, such as â€Å"is human knowledge advanced by full and free access to all information?†, are unanswered and reflect larger discussions about intellectual property protection (Ravitch, 2010). ... With respect to rights, the matter hinges upon the existence of individuals’ rights to their intellectual property, which is a guaranteed offered under United States federal law. According to the philosophy of the GNU Operating System distributors, â€Å"‘Free software’ is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of ‘free’ as in ‘free speech,’ not as in ‘free beer.’† (GNU Webmasters, 2009). When compared to the right to free speech, the comparison invites further questions about whether the two are truly comparable, or even similar, in nature. Beyond the rights issue, there is also the virtue perspective, in which some have argued that open source helps people think and learn as they share useful knowledge, therefore contributing to the well-being and human flourishing of all. Sharing this knowledge is, to some, â€Å"a fundamental act of friendship† (Ravitch, 2010). However, t o others, this knowledge only came about through effort and time, which therefore gives it some monetary value. Therefore, the argument could be made that open source software is encouraging the virtues of thieves, not friends. Again, another perspective on ethics raises more questions than it answers. Finally, the common good perspective on open source is optimistic about the potential for good done to the whole of humanity. According to the Catholic Church, â€Å"cyberspace ought to be a resource of comprehensive information and services available without charge to all, and in a wide range of languages† (Foley & Pastore, 2002). Although this kind of view depends on accepting some of the other ethical tenants of the Church, this perspective is valuable in

Wedding in the Pakistani culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wedding in the Pakistani culture - Essay Example Pakistan and India have lived together for centuries until 1947, when the two countries parted ways with each other with the Muslim majority in the former and the Hindu majority in the latter. Although, since 1947, the two countries have not had good relations with each other and have had many wars since then, yet there are many traits of the Hindu culture that are ingrained in Pakistanis, and same holds true for the Indians also. The two nations, having lived together for centuries, share norms and values, and many characteristics of their cultures are alike. Mehndi happens to be one of them, though there is no significance of Mehndi in Islam, that happens to be the religion of a majority of Pakistanis. In Islam, there is Nikah and Walima. However, Mehndi is a very strong cultural feature of a Pakistani wedding, and any wedding is considered incomplete without the function of Mehndi. The function of Mehndi is specifically meant for singing and dancing.Some Pakistanis prefer to have two Mehndi functions, one for the bride and the other for the groom, while a vast majority of Pakistanis organize one Mehndi function, that stands both for the bride and the groom together. The function of Mehndi is fundamentally meant for ladies, and gents have little to no representation in this function, particularly in the more reserved class of Pakistanis. Nonetheless, modern families particularly the elite class ensures equal participation of both ladies and gents in the function. Dress code: Yellow is the most dominant color in a traditional Pakistani Mehndi function. Yellow color is associated with Mehndi because Mehndi itself is a strong shade of yellowish brown. Yellow color reflects in the stage, flowers, decoration, dresses, ribbons, bridal dress and the curtains. Most ladies wear shades of yellow. The dresses are bordered with golden ribbons to maintain the yellow theme along with lending the touch of festival to ordinary yellow clothes. Men, on the other hand, have no specific color definition for their Mehndi dresses. They may wear any color from white to black. Again, there is variation in the color scheme in men’s Mehndi dresses depending upon the conservatism of the people celebrating the function. In extremely well organized Mehndi functions, all men and boys that are related to the bride or groom wear Kurta Shalwar of same color, usually white or black. The Kurta is topped with a Pattu. Men’s Pattus seem very much like the girls’ Dupattas, though they are actually quite different. Men’s Pattus are longer than girls’ dupattas and are specifically meant for the function of Mehndi. Other than the Mehndi function, Pakistani men do not wear Pattus. (â€Å"Pakistan Mehndi Dresses Pictures†). Significance of Mehndi: Mehndi being an essential component of a traditional Pakistani wedding, speaks of the livelihood of Pakistanis and the beauty of the culture of Pakistan. The function incurs a lot of cost to th e organizers. In fact, a major part of the total expenses of a traditional Pakistani wedding goes into the Mehndi function. Despite its huge cost, people organize it for no other

Digital Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Digital Intellectual Property - Essay Example If that source code—or the idea behind the software—is not available to the public, then the software is â€Å"closed source† (Anderson, 2004). In the case of open source software, the opposite is true. The source code is available to the public and can be altered by the public without a violation of the license. Thus, software can range between having its source code completely blocked off from the public, to software where the source code is read-only to the public, to software where the source code is open to the world and alterable (Richard, 2003). This issue of making software â€Å"open source† and freely available to all to change creates some ethical problems in the era of rapid transfer of files over the internet. There are a number of avenues to use when analyzing any ethical issue. Perhaps the most common method in academic philosophy is a utilitarian perspective. Built on the concern that any action should maximize the happiness of society as a whole, utilitarianism would not be able to answer the question of whether open source software is ethical. Many of those questions, such as â€Å"is human knowledge advanced by full and free access to all information?†, are unanswered and reflect larger discussions about intellectual property protection (Ravitch, 2010). ... With respect to rights, the matter hinges upon the existence of individuals’ rights to their intellectual property, which is a guaranteed offered under United States federal law. According to the philosophy of the GNU Operating System distributors, â€Å"‘Free software’ is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of ‘free’ as in ‘free speech,’ not as in ‘free beer.’† (GNU Webmasters, 2009). When compared to the right to free speech, the comparison invites further questions about whether the two are truly comparable, or even similar, in nature. Beyond the rights issue, there is also the virtue perspective, in which some have argued that open source helps people think and learn as they share useful knowledge, therefore contributing to the well-being and human flourishing of all. Sharing this knowledge is, to some, â€Å"a fundamental act of friendship† (Ravitch, 2010). However, t o others, this knowledge only came about through effort and time, which therefore gives it some monetary value. Therefore, the argument could be made that open source software is encouraging the virtues of thieves, not friends. Again, another perspective on ethics raises more questions than it answers. Finally, the common good perspective on open source is optimistic about the potential for good done to the whole of humanity. According to the Catholic Church, â€Å"cyberspace ought to be a resource of comprehensive information and services available without charge to all, and in a wide range of languages† (Foley & Pastore, 2002). Although this kind of view depends on accepting some of the other ethical tenants of the Church, this perspective is valuable in

Discusses the nature of contemporary societal problems in general and Essay

Discusses the nature of contemporary societal problems in general and Dubai in particular (two to three pages) - Essay Example Even though the pollution problem cannot be considered new and is apparently diminishing within the developed world, it is still a rapidly growing problem globally and it’s most common effect today being global warming and unpredictable weather patterns. The rapid population growth is yet another problem and is considered as the side effect of advancements in improved life expectancy and diminished child mortality rates. The rapid population growth has put a lot of strain on the available resources and some of the recent wars can be linked to fighting over control over limited resources. Dubai has in the recent years rapidly developed to become a prototype of a modern city. Dubai’s advancements have of cause come with a lot of modernization advantages but have at the same time come with major disadvantages to the society. Among the problems experienced today is prostitution which involves adults and unfortunately, children too (Mooney, Knox & Schacht, 2008). There have been a few cases of children being abducted from other parts of the world and smuggled into Dubai to serve in prostitution rings. While there have been recent attempts to this vice, there still remain wide areas within the city where the vice goes on unchecked especially within low class hotels and parking lots where the police rarely intervene (Davison, 2008). Dubai’s successful free port is a haven for human traffickers and has provided them with an opportunity to do carry on with their illegal trade and in most cases, go unpunished. Dubai’s human trafficking trade has flourished to a point where Dubai is regarded as a major human trafficking centre. The large heterogeneous expatriate population, combined with Dubai’s attempts to create a friendlier environment for foreign tourists and investors has resulted in major erosions of some important components of the society in Dubai. Dubai is mostly made up of Muslims and the cases of binge drinking and

Beautiful!.... Great God! Essay Example for Free

Beautiful!. Great God! Essay What do chapters 2, 3,4,5,9 and 10 reveal about Mary Shelleys attitude to knowledge? Mary Shelley is a gothic writer, who (through this novel Frankenstein) has been able to create a hybrid form of gothic literature, a gothic/horror genre which allows Shelley to convey a more realistic terror, one that resides within the psyche instead of a form outside , an example would be Ghosts. Her knowledge on different subjects allows her to create a realistic world in the novel, possibly even criticising her own husband Percy Shelley, who searched for knowledge and in doing so became egotistical and self obsessed like a true romantic just like Frankenstein and other romantic characters like him. Shelley was always surrounded by intelligent people, which were mainly her father and his inner circle that also included her husband. These people encouraged Shelley to educate herself and develop her own opinions. Shelley found the gothic genre a perfect place in which she could air her thoughts, such as a critical view of certain powers in her society and imply things about the industrial revolution through subtle remarks in the novel. The novel itself was a product of Shelley taking up a challenge to write a ghost story, which was her chance to give a dire warning to society (through the didactic tone throughout the novel) that, embraces experimenting and questing for the unknown which so much part of her culture but at the same time playing on the fears of the middles classes lack of knowledge as at the same time graves were being dug up and bodies used which made this tomb quite fearful to its readers and intriguing as Shelley brings many ethical issues on the subject of science. Throughout the novel Shelley has much to say on the concept of knowledge as she includes many remarks like when Shelleys warning us, readers of the danger of knowledge when it is used to obtain power. What had been the study and desire of the wisest man since the creation of the world was now within my grasp. The use of the word grasp an creation suggests that Frankenstein wants to become mnipotent and play god. Remarks such as that show Shelleys critical views on her society, on issues such as science, how a man can become obsessed with something dangerous to either themselves or others , probably both , this also could be seen as another reference to her own husbands obsession with knowledge and this warning is actually to him. Frankenstein experience in university is very important in the text as that is where he forms his strong friendship with Henry clerval, guided and ridiculed by his professors and the actual place where he created the creature. Frankensteins first experience of university were feelings of isolation and melancholy which worsened through the ridicule of his work by his first professor Kriempe who tells him not to waste his time on the trash that he has read up until now. This maybe Shelley suggesting that ignorance isnt a bad thing because once Frankenstein starts delving into new areas which allows him to create the creature which causes so many problems. Shelley shows us this ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise in the paragraph in which Frankenstein realises that the creature he has created is not beautiful as he intended but a monster in his eyes I had selected his features as beautiful, Beautiful!. Great God! This quote is Frankenstein in hindsight looking at his creature and realising his folly. The use of the words Great God! show that his wisdom was of no use. Even though his professors didnt really guide Frankenstein in the right way, Frankenstein still follows there wisdom to folly, in the creation of the monster.

Birth Control Should Be Available in Schools

Birth Control Should Be Available in Schools In recent years the amount of pregnant teenagers in the United States has skyrocketed; free contraceptives should be available and provided for middle and high school students within schools around the country in order to help prevent the amount high school students that experience unintended pregnancies before graduating from their high school. The United States has the highest teen pregnancy rate (nine times higher) of any other country in the world. In New York, teen pregnancy costs taxpayers at least $421 million dollars per year. Most of the cost is caused because of the negative consequences for the children who are born to teen mothers or parents. The costs are made up of health care costs for Medicaid, child welfare, public assistance, foster care, lost tax revenue and incarceration. Teen moms are more likely to drop out of school and live in poverty; their children are more likely to be delivered at low birth weight, grow up poor, and live in single-parent households, experience abuse and neglect, and enter the child welfare system. Daughters of teen mothers are more likely to become teen parents themselves and sons of teen mothers are more likely to be incarcerated (Hoffman, By the Numbers: The Public Costs Of Teen Childbearing In New York). The consequences of teenage pregnancy are both far-reaching and cyclical. They are far-reaching in the sense that teenage parenthood circumscribes the lives of young people and has severe implications for the education, health, and well-being of both parents and offspring; and also in the sense that both parents and offspring may never recover sufficiently to become productive members of society. They are cyclical in the sense that the children of teenage parents frequently become teenage parents themselves and thus become subject to the same consequences that their parents faced (A young woman who has not developed a sense of autonomy will have difficulty establishing a relationship with her infant because of her impede ability to empathize with the child. An egocentric teenager cannot possibly tune into her infants needs or respond to its cues; she therefore lacks the ability to provide an appropriate nurturing environment (Compton and Hruska 14.) In Sullivan County, The percentage of births to teens (10-17 years old) from 2006-2008 was 2.3%, compared to the New York State rate of 2.2 (Family Planning Indicators, 2011.) Lewin (2010) states that the pregnancy rate among teenagers increased 3 percent from 2005 to 2006, after it had declined 14% between 1990 and 2006. There was a slight decline again in 2008 until the present. Social programs for the purpose of decreasing teen pregnancy have slowly started to disappear during the recession; President Obama is still providing some limited financial investment but for evidence based programs only. These programs are gradually become non existent, like BOCES Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, have been taken away and the service providers have gone out of business. Programs like Planned Parenthood, which provide free or low cost birth control and sex education for teenagers, have been the victim of repeated cuts caused by conservatives, religious groups and Republicans. For th e decades, our primary means of preventing teenage pregnancies was to demand that teenagers not have sex, a tactic akin to ordering a hungry tiger not to maul you, states Greg Fish (Fish, Schools Should Give Kids Free Contraceptives.) Miller (1973) stated that 50% of unwed women have had sexual intercourse by the age of 19. At that time, over 30 years ago, most of the respondents in his research revealed that their parents and doctors were not an good source of information about sex, and that they did not consistently use contraception. In 2002, the National Center for Health Statistics, Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S. Women conducted a survey of women from the ages of 15 to 54, which showed that the average age of teens starting to have intercourse, was 17.3 years, with men averaging at the slightly younger age of 17. Those who lived with both parents or who were involved in religion tended to be slightly older. Boys and girls were equally likely to have engaged in sex. Omran et al. (2006) studied the initiation of sexual behavior among 2,300 urban teens in Baltimore, and found that 42 percent had engaged in sexual intercourse by the age of 14, and that the average age for teens to hav e sexual intercourse was 14.8 years. In 2008, more than 10,000 girls participated in an anonymous survey on the Tyra Banks TV show (Coffey, Survey, Unprotected Sex Common Among Teens). The results showed that on average, girls had lost their virginity at 15 years of age. Fourteen percent of teens who were having sex said they were doing it at school, and 52 percent of survey respondents said that they did not use protection when having sex. Only 2% of girls were using long-acting reversible contraceptives (Vital Signs, 2011). More than 6 in 10 high school students will have sex before they graduate (Get the Facts, NY, 2011.) Why are sexually active teenagers failing to protect themselves from pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections? In Risky Business, a 2000 poll, 3 out of 10 teens admitted they had not used protection the last time they had sex, although 9 out of 10 said that they believed it was important to use protection every time. Half of them stated that they didnt because their partners didnt want to, and they felt pressured to have sex without it. Half also said that drugs or alcohol were the reasons they didnt use protection. Brown and Guthrie (2010) interviewed English women between the ages of 16 and 24 who had just had an abortion. They explained that all the women had been fully aware of the importance of contraception and knew where they could obtain it, but had forgotten to do so, gotten carried away in the moment, or gave into pressure from partners who did not want to use a condom. Some teenagers choose to get pregnant. There have been a number of recent films like Juno and reality shows, which both normalize and glamorize teen pregnancy and teen parents. For teens unsure about themselves and their relationships, the desire for some form of unconditional love leads many to think motherhood will satisfy that longing, and that it will bring the attention from others that the teen may want. For some, they are carrying on the tradition of multi-generational poverty; they may have themselves been the child of a teen. Childbearing may be a role that they feel they will bring attention, success and social status as a baby-mama, also giving themselves a adult role as a mother, helping them to escape the confusion of the teen years. Teen-age girls also feel that getting pregnant is a way to secure their relationship with their partner (Lowen, Teen Pregnancy Pact Teens Choose to Become Pregnant) However, A young woman who has not developed a sense of autonomy will have difficulty establishing a relationship with her infant because of her impeded ability to empathize with the child. An egocentric teenager cannot possibly tune into her infants needs or respond to its cues; she therefore lacks the ability to provide an appropriate nurturing environment (Compton and Hruska) In rural schools, teens face obstacles in obtaining contraception. Within smaller towns and counties, there are very few services for the prevention of Teen Pregnancy. Places which are in greater need receive the small amount of money for such programs. Which leaves the duty of teen pregnancy prevention is on the schools staff. Planned Parenthood clinics could be located very far away in these rural areas and their hours could be very inconvenient to students. Bringing up the problem of getting there, because of the lack of transportation. The local general stores do carry condoms, but students are unlikely to buy them there, due to their concerns about their privacy and confidentiality in a small town where all the store staff know most customers by name. Also in a poor rural community, the students have very few opportunities for employment so that they cant afford to buy their own birth control. Depending on when a student elects to take Health Class, they may have little or no ac curate information about sexual health issues or contraception until their senior year. According to the Guttmacher Report on School-Based Health Centers and the Birth Control Debate (2000), there were 1,135 school based health centers in the United States, located in 45 states; there are now 230 approved and operating School-based health centers in New York State, 64% of which are in urban areas (School-Based Health Centers Fact Sheet) Services are paid for by Medicaid, private insurance, Child Health Plus, and 23% of services are provided free for the uninsured. These clinics offer services on site, including reproductive health services, such as pregnancy testing, testing and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, and gynecological exams. However, 3 out of four were prohibited from dispensing contraceptives (besides condoms) per school district policy. They were at least able to provide birth control counseling and referrals to outside agencies. An AP Poll taken in 2007 indicated that 67% of Americans favored letting schools provide contraceptives (CBS News, Birth Control at School? Most Say Its OK). However, most also preferred that the contraceptives be given to children who had their parents permission. The poll was given after much attention in the media to the events at King Middle School, in Maine, where middle and high school students (aged 11 to 18) were allowed to have free access to birth control pill prescriptions through their onsite health center (Fox News, School Board Approves Birth Control Prescriptions at Maine Middle School.) Although there was a lot of disagreement to this proposal from opponents who felt that birth control was the students parents responsibility, that giving out birth control was giving permission to teens to have sex, and that it violated parental rights, more people felt that the policy was needed in order to protect those students who didnt have strong support from their parents. In conclusion, at many schools within the country nurse practitioners and doctors conduct health exams for students with parental permission. The existing program should be expanded to also provide reproductive care and education, and the school nurses could be aloud to promote and provide information about contraception and protection from sexually transmitted infections and non-prescription birth control methods. It is very important that schools and the communities develop new strategies which will prevent unintended teen pregnancy and promote health.

Courtesy through Satire :: essays research papers

In his Canterbury Tales, Chaucer fully explicates the cultural standard known as courtesy through satire. In the fourteenth century, courtesy embodied sophistication and an education in English international culture. The legends of chivalric knights, conversing in the language of courtly love, matured during this later medieval period. Chaucer himself matured in the King's Court, as is revealed in his cultural status, but he also retained an anecdotal humor about courtesy. One must only peruse his Tales to discern these sentiments, for Chaucer’s view of courtesy can seem shocking and, all together, obscene at times, it’s the similarity of the differences that make Chaucer’s tales superior. An example of this can be seen through Nicholas’ attempt at â€Å"courting† Alison versus Arcita and Palamon’s endeavors at courting Emily. Nicholas' anxious and lewd behavior, in conjunction with his explicit sexual connotation, demonstrates Chaucerâ€⠄¢s more farcical side; where as, the manner in which Arcita and Palamon court Emily can seem more satirical. In the Miller's Tale, Chaucer juxtaposes courtly love with animalistic lust, while in the Knight’s tale, the subject of chivalry is held with much higher regard, and used as a florid, glorious attribute. These numerous references provide the reader with a remarkably rich image of the culture and class structure of late fourteenth century England. In the Miller's Tale, Chaucer blatantly mocks courtesy and courtly love in Nicholas’ exchange with Alison: Now sire, and eft sire, so bifel the cas That on a day this hende Nicholas Fil with this yonge wyf to rage and pleye, Whil that hir housbonde was at Oseneye, As clerkes ben ful subtile and ful queynte; And prively he caughte hire by the queynte, And seyde, "Ywis, but if ich have my wille, For deerne love of thee, lemman, I spille." And heeld hire harde by the haunchebones, And seyde, "Lemman, love me al atones, Or I wol dyen, also God me save!" And she sproong as a colt dooth in the trave, And with hir heed she wryed faste awey, And seyed, â€Å"I wol nat kisse thee, by my fey! Why, lat be!† quod she. â€Å"Lat be, Nicholas, Or I wol crie ‘out, harrow’ and ‘allas’! Do wey youre handes, for youre curteisye!† (3271-87) Quite literally, Nicholas caught Alison by the crotch to draw her near to him, and then held her there by her haunches, or rear end. Standing alone, that image provides an element of base humor, but when that event is coupled with Nicholas' words, a dramatically ironic, and altogether funny, scene arises.

A Study of Cotton Trade and Trade in Africa Essay -- Essays Papers

A Study of Cotton Trade and Trade in Africa History of Cotton The word cotton is derived from the Arabic word ‘qutun’ or ‘kutun’ which is used to describe any textile that is very fine. Cotton is one of the oldest known fibers in the world, which has been found by archeologists during the course of excavating ancient civilizations. Traces of cotton fiber were found to exist over 5000 years ago, when archeologists were excavating a cite in Mohenjo Daro, which lies in the Indus Valley in West Pakistan. Alexander the great and his army brought cotton goods and material to Europe around 300BC. However, the price of these cotton goods was so expensive that only the rich could afford it. The southern states of America started growing cotton in the early 17th century and also making cotton goods and materials out of it. The acquisition of colonies around the world by Great Britain, led to tremendous development of the cotton industry because most of Britain’s colonies were suitable for cotton growth. In the early 19th century the southern American states became the biggest single supplier of cotton to the now thriving English textile mills. In the early 1900s, United States was the producing more then 50% of the total world cotton. Growing conditions for cotton Cotton plants have a growth cycle of about 6 months from the time they germinate to the time they are picked. Cotton seeds are usually planted in spring or as soon as the soil temperature is warm enough to ensure satisfactory seed germination and crop establishment cotton plants grow well in areas that hot summers/dry spells with low humidity and long hours of sunshine. The plant usually requires about 150 days free from frost. Cotton plants also require higher ... ...cts/english.html Mali Economy http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ml.html#Econ Organization of African Union (O.A.U) and African Union (A.U) http://www.oau-creation.com/Part%20One.htm Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) http://www.ecowas.int/ The Objectives of the African Union http://www.africa-union.org/home/Welcome.htm The vision of the African Union http://www.africa-union.org/home/Welcome.htm Cotton facts http://www.icac.org/icac/cotton_info/publications/cotton_facts/english.html World Trade Organization (W.T.O) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/26/34353004.pdf Cotton Plants http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article?tocId=199250 Cotton Industry http://www.cottonaustralia.com.au/LI_whatiscotton.html Brazil Triumphs Over U.S. in WTO Subsidies Dispute http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0304-01.htm

Paper Chromatography Lab Essay

Purpose: to separate the various photosynthetic pigments of Spinacia oleracea leaves. Materials: – methanol – water – filter paper – sand – test tube – 10 S. oleracea leaves – 2 wooden splints – mortar – pestle Method: First, 10 S. oleracea leaves were gathered. A piece of filter paper, a wooden splint, a mortar and pestle were also gathered. The leaves were placed inside the mortar, filling the mortar approximately half full. The leaves were then crushed with the pestle. Sand, water and methanol were added and then the leaves were crushed again. This was repeated until the leaves had reached the consistency of a soupy green paste. The leaf extract (soupy green paste) was strained, removing the fibrous spinach paste, which was placed into the garbage, and leaving the liquid leaf extract. The wooden splint was dipped into the leaf extract and then traced in a thin straight line onto the filter paper. The filter paper was allowed to dry for approximately 2 minutes. The next coat could not be applied until the paper was completely dry. The process was repeated 10 times, from dip, trace and drying. A test tube was gathered as well as methanol and a second wooden splint. The wooden splint was pi erced through the top of the filter paper and then the filter paper was placed into the empty test tube. It was measured how much methanol would be needed so that the tip of the filter paper was submerged but the extract line was not submerged. After measurement, the filter paper was removed from the test tube. The methanol was poured into the test tube up to the measured fill point. The filter paper was then carefully inserted so that it never touched the edges of the test tube. The test tube was carefully placed vertically into a test tube holder and allowed to absorb methanol for 45 minutes. After the 45 minutes were complete, the filter paper was then removed, measured as to how far pigments had travelled and left to dry. Observations: Calculations: Rf xanthophyll= distance pigment travelled distance to solvent front = 7 9.7 = 0.72 Rf chlorophyll a= distance pigment travelled distance to solvent front = 8.4 9.7 = 0.87 Rf chlorophyll b= distance pigment travelled distance to solvent front = 8.5 9.7 = 0.88 Rf carotene= distance pigment travelled distance to solvent front = 8.7 9.7 = 0.90 Discussion: 1. The Mortar and Pestle is used to break down the intramolecular bonds within the S. oleracea leaves. This helped break the molecule down into smaller molecules and individual atoms so that chloroplasts and their pigments were not buried inside the leaf and were  easily accessible. 2. Methanol is used to dissolve the pigments, as methanol is polar and so are the pigments. As we saw, the pigments stayed with the methanol in the liquid part of the mixture but everything else (cell walls, etc) floated to the top of the mixture, so we could easily remove it. 3. It is important that the filter paper did not touch the walls of the test tube because if touching the side walls, water would absorb from the sides as well as the bottom of the filter paper. If this were to happen, the flow of methanol up the filter paper would be disturbed, thus disturbing the flow and separation of the pigments. 4. It is very important that the leaf extract not be dissolved in the solvent because it would not travel upward the same. If the extract line were to be dissolved in the methanol, it would simply dissolve into the methanol, without actually having the chance to travel up the filter paper. With the extract line above the meniscus, the pigments’ only choice was to follow the path of the methanol. 5. Water would not be able to carry the pigments up the filter paper because it does not have the same physical properties as methanol. One of methanol’s unique features is that it dissolves compounds of very high polarity. While water will dissolve polar molecules, it would be unable to dissolve these pigments as well as methanol can. 6. According to my findings, chloroplast a is in the highest abundance in the leaf extract. This is known because of the very bright green colour of the pigment, as well as the expanse of chloroplast a on the filter paper. 7. Pigments separate rather than travel up the paper at the same rate due to their solubility. Pigments that are the most soluble in methanol will travel to the highest levels, almost as high as methanol itself, but pigments that are least soluble in methanol will stay lower down on the filter paper. The pigments will only travel far enough so that they are completely dissolved  from the methanol to the filter paper. Therefore, those pigments that are least soluble in methanol, take less time and space to dissolve from methanol so they stop travelling at an earlier stage that those that are most soluble with methanol. 8. The meaning of the Rf value is to help identify pigments. Each pigment holds an Rf value, which is used like a fingerprint. Although colour can be used to identify pigments, their Rf value is the true indication of which pigment is present. Conclusion: the various photosynthetic pigments in S. oleracea were separated using the chromatography technique.

Compare and Contrast: Byzantine Empire and the Aztecs Essay

The early civilizations of the byzantine and Aztec empires rose to power using a variety of tactics. They were both very successful and very powerful up to a certain point. The byzantine and Aztec empires both used military strategies and advancements in war. Although while the Byzantine Empire used Christianity to unify its people, the Aztecs made people fear them by using human sacrifices. Also the byzantine was a bureaucracy with an emperor who was thought of to be chosen by the gods to rule over the people, however, the Aztecs had a ruler who was seen as an actual god. The Byzantine and Aztec empires had very strong military tactics which led to expansion and advancement. The Byzantine conquered almost all of the land around it and had many skilled warriors. This is much like the Aztecs who had skilled warriors and even though they didn’t necessarily conquer the land, they took control of the people and made them pay tribute. The Aztecs captured people for human sacrifices many times and this was an adapted technique they used, while the Byzantine used the technique of the â€Å"Greek fire† which was an invention similar to a flamethrower. In the Byzantine Empire there was a main religion and in the Aztec empire hey were highly reliant on human sacrifice to scare people into joining the civilization. The Byzantine empire used the newly found religion of Christianity to unify its population and make them a whole. The Aztecs however, believed in multiple gods and used human sacrifices to make other people fear and respect them. This tactic was also used to get them to join and scared them into paying tribute to the Aztecs or the Aztec gods. There was an emperor in the Byzantine Empire who had much influence because people thought he had been chosen by god; this was similar but not exactly the same as the Aztecs who had a leader that was thought of as an actual deity, or god. Because the Byzantine ruler was thought to be chosen by god, he had power and control over his own civilization and also those that he tried to conquer. The Aztec leader had divine power over his people and since everyone viewed him as a god it would be wrong to defy him. For this reason, he had influence and power over other places, as well as his own.

The Availability of Digital Machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Availability of Digital Machines - Essay Example It is not wrong to argue that current newspapers and magazines are filled with subtle and clever tricks that are used to deceive the public. It is, therefore, advisable to examine images and photographs featured in widely respected magazine and newspaper articles critically, and possibly identify how it has been used to deceive the public. For instance, on April 1 2011, Brian Walski, a staff photographer for the Los Angeles Times Working in Iraq, was fired after his editors identified that he had used two of his Iraqi photographs into one, to improve its composition. This paper, therefore, describes how photographs can be manipulated to change the whole meaning of the original information to lose its credibility, by using Brian Walski controversial Iraqi photographs. In Walski’s photograph, there is an armed British soldier and Iraqi citizens in Basra. The soldier is gesturing at the Iraqi civilians, apparently urging them to take cover, while a standing man carrying a young child in his arms appears to look at the soldier astonishingly. This controversial photograph featured in page one of some leading newspapers such as Hartford Courant, Times, and the LA Times, has met many critics from the public (Lester 258). This photograph is believed to be bogus: a computer-generated amalgam of two separate images combined into one image. In one photograph (un-manipulated) image, the soldier is not featured gesturing and looking at the standing man holding a child (Lester 258). In the second photograph, also un-manipulated, the soldier appears to gesture dramatically, and the standing man holding a child is much less visible (Lester 261). Therefore, it is not wrong to conclude that Walski generated amalgam of two separate images into one superb il legitimate one.

Travelogue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Travelogue - Assignment Example ty of Tokyo was established and remained the capital until 1943, when it was established as a municipality and merged with the metropolitan prefecture of Tokyo. The duration of my trip would constitute one week. To get to Tokyo, it will cost approximately $1000-$1500, depending on the season. Due to Travelocity.com website, it can be found out that there are several flights a day that will begin my course to get there. Since I am on budget, the Japan National Tourism Organization website recommends staying in a small inn or hotel, because Ryokan, a residential building where meals are provided, can be quite expensive. I chose the Hilton in Tokyo because it is located close to the airport and while it was not the cheapest alternative, it was one of the lowest price hotels. There are many avenues of public transportation that are relatively inexpensive, so I will be able to easily get around the city. Places I would like visit during my stay in Tokyo are Disneyland Tokyo, the National museum of Emerging Science and Innovation and Sanrio Puroland. I would also like to walk downtown, as it is famous for having lots of different shops. I do not think I have a plan for eating; I would like to walk the city and taste some of the local cuisine. I would also ask hotel personnel what they recommend. I think one of the best ways to find where the great food hotspots are is to ask the local population. By the end of my trip, I would hope to have learned a great deal about the culture and the customs of the city. I am sure that by the end of the trip, I will have learned some of the cultural rules and etiquettes that make the city unique as well. In order to undertake my trip, I am going to save a lot of money so that I am able to find and to afford the hotel I would like to stay at. I would also need quite a bit of money to be able to go to all of the places that I would like to see; according to the official Japanese Travel website, food and accommodations can be quite

Derivatives and financial crisis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Derivatives and financial crisis - Assignment Example Such types of derivatives are used based on the type of risk exposure i.e. liquidity, financial, exchange rate risks, etc (Chisholm, 2011). Derivatives were used primarily to hedge risk, but over time people used it to make gains out of the price movements of the underlying assets. The purpose of using derivatives is incumbent on the investment objective. The price volatility of the underlying influenced various investor community to use derivative as a lucrative investment option. Earlier the use of derivatives was not popular, owing to its complexities it was not considered to be a feasible investment option. Over time, it was adopted by various investors to insure the various risks facing them. With various risk outcomes, the fluctuations in the price of the underlying assets made it volatile. Such price volatility attracted speculators, who engaged in the use of derivatives to earn profits. Speculations are done on both the up trends and down trends of the asset price movements. The impact of speculations is felt across the investor community i.e. the hedgers. Speculators gamble on the direction of the asset price m ovement. When a speculator feels that the price of the underlying asset will fall, he will short sell the stock or buy an option. When the price of the asset falls, he exercises the option or buys the underlying asset to make profit. Speculators leverage the vulnerability of the price movements of the asset to make gains. Though all types of derivatives cannot be used to speculate, but futures, options and swaps are lucrative avenues for speculators (Poitras, 2002). From the inception, starting in 1970’s and continuing through the ‘80’s and ‘90’s, the financial market evolved and made it a riskier place for trading. The interest rate changes, bonds and stock markets witnessed phases of increased volatility. Owing to such evolution of risk, investors and managers of financial institutions became wary and resorted to

Grieving and Support of a Dying Patient Case Study

Grieving and Support of a Dying Patient - Case Study Example It was important to conduct an assessment before this decision, so Mary's needs and wishes can be ascertained and incorporated in the care plan. Her assessment included the nature of her condition, type 2 diabetes, social circumstances, experience of healthcare, approach to life, mental health status, psychological wellbeing, and cultural, religious, and spiritual views. Taking Mary's condition into account, she lives in a remote area, where healthcare access is sparse, and the acute specialized care available will be less. Therefore, an open and honest communication with Mary was initiated. She was obviously grieving, and it was my job to identify the triggers for discussion. In this discussion, she was communicated regarding the agreed care plan, and over the time, review of her needs and preferences were made. The needs of care included not only maintenance of her diet and blood sugars, and prevention of other complications without heroic treatment, since she preferred to die at home. The ultimate outcome for dying patients is to achieve good end of life care and a good death.

Formal Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Formal Business Report - Essay Example imarily taken as benchmark because it is one of the biggest success stories within the fashion industries that have been able to retain its competitive edge even in the tough economic conditions. The firm, ABCD Fashions is recommended to follow the model of Zara and expand its operations globally, especially in emerging economies like India, China. The consultancy report is prepared by the Marketing Manager for the Board members of UK based fashion retailer, ABCD, on the potential of expanding the business across the globe. The major purpose is to recommend the best way to proceed over the next three years in the current competitive business environment. ABCD Fashion is a high-end UK garment retailer which is facing huge competition from domestic and foreign apparel houses. While Primark and Tesco attract customers with their low cost fashion garments, Mark & Spencer, Zara etc. offer a wide range of high-end garments which become very attractive for customers during discount seasons. Today, contemporary fashion is more influenced by the changing socio-cultural paradigms of rapid globalisation and the myriad channels of communication such as the Internet, international magazines, TV etc. have evolved as crucial tools that facilitate greater awareness regarding the changing fashion trend across the customers. Moreover, lack of variety in fashion clothing, problems of cultural biases faced by retailers and the recessive trend in the economy have significantly impacted the performance of the firm and the industry in general. The company therefore, needs to evolve innovative strategy and creative input within its operations to identify a nd exploit new opportunities of growth. Another similar business, Zara, a member of the Inditex group of Spain, was studied and used to compare and contrast the business imperatives vis-Ã  -vis Strategic orientation towards product-market development; competitive strategy pursued; product innovation; technological innovation; and

Business Process Management of Domino's Pizza Coursework

Business Process Management of Domino's Pizza - Coursework Example The researcher states that in the United States alone, on the average, over one million pizzas are sold each day. The Dominos Pizza company has a focused menu of pizza and complementary side items. The company has so rightly been using its marketing mix. Instead of focusing on the four Ps (Price, product, placement and promotion), the company considers the four Cs (cost, convenience, customer solution and communication) while developing a new product or promotion. The company has adopted Cost leadership strategy which is an integrated set of actions and activities to deliver service at lowest cost as compared to competitors. Since Domino is all about fast delivery and efficient time management, it needs to reiterate this fact to the customers. But sometimes, due to any unforeseen circumstances, customers do not receive the pizza in due time. This will help the company to satisfy their customers even in circumstances where they are not able to fulfil their promise. So whenever the hun gry customer appears and order for pizza, there should be something for the entertainment of the customers so that they have a good time while waiting for their pizza. The researcher then concluds that overall, Domino Pizza’s business process is well planned. The researcher, however mentiones that there needs to be a little work done for their dine-in services in the franchise. Although, it is definetly concluded that the delivery system of Dominos Pizza is almost perfect and is highly commendable.

The handmaids tale Essay Example for Free

The handmaids tale Essay Moira is a strong and independent woman who is not like other handmaids and therefore has a vast array of roles through out the play. Moira is an autonomous woman who rejects the responsibility and job of the handmaid and as a result of this the narrator uses her proper name. Moira allows the narrator to express her feelings so the reader can see her from different angles and see her different characteristics. One of Moiras main features is her rebelliousness, which the reader sees through the past, present and the future. For example when Moira and Offred where both in college, Moira was the one who wanted to go out, have a good time. She wanted Offred to come with her even though she knew that she was expected to hand in an assignment the next day I had a paper due the next day. She rebelled against the system in college she did the opposite of what was expected from her. Even when she was brought into the centre where they train all the handmaids she was wearing jeans, she stood out from the rest and was clearly rebellious. She is a Feminist heroine who all the other handmaids look up to. She is an individual, a leader and a figurehead. She has a dramatic impact on the rest of the handmaids, she influences them giving them hope and inspiration. Due to Moiras presence the aunts seem less fearsome and frightening, she exposes them for what they real are. She does by the way she escapes; she doesnt just run she actually ties one of them up and shows that they can be physically hurt. This reminds the handmaids that the aunts are only human and in a way it reassures them. To all the other handmaids she is a heroine but from Gileads perspective she is a loose women. Moira defies the Gilead regime so much that she tries to escape and on her second attempt she succeeds and as a result of this Moira never actually becomes a proper handmaid. This is just another example of Moira being a heroine and showing the reader her revolutionary nature. Even when Moira has disappeared from the scene she is still making a dramatic impact on both the handmaids and the reader. She is even more of a role model Moira was our fantasy. She inspires the other handmaids and gives them hope for the future. However, her escape also has a reverse affect it causes Offred to feel lonely and abandoned so much that she begins to reminisce about her time she spent with Moira in college. Even past memories inspire and motivate Offred that she comes to realise that they can control her body but not her mind. Moira also portrays the motherly figure within the novel an example of this is when Janine starts to cry and wants to go home. If the aunts where to find out she would be punished severely. Moira steps in and takes charge she is the dominant one and is like a mother. However, she is not sensitive or caring instead she slaps Janine. This shows the reader that although she is very rebellious she is aware of the rules and she knows how far she can go. She is also caring but in a violent way, although she slaps Janine she saved her life. Although the other Handmaids are probably jealous they do look up to her. When she was tortured everyone stole and took a big risk to bring Moira packets of sugar. Moira cant really do much with packets of sugar but it shows that they care and is also a sign of respect. When Moira and Offred where in college together Moira was a lesbian, which again is rebelling against human nature, she was an obvious lesbian she wore long dangly earrings. When Moira escaped she manages to get a job at a place called jezebels working as a prostitute. This is everything that Gilead stood against and is now what she has become. This again shows the reader and Offred Moiras radical nature. Even when Moira stayed at Jezebels she remained a lesbian. In conclusion Moira is a significant character that plays a major part in the past, present and the future of the novel. She is a clear revolutionary and finds new ways to break the rules. She is an individual, the uniforms that the handmaids had to wear were supposed to take away their individuality but Moira was too passionate and determined and she wouldnt let it. She was a leader who inspired others and gave them hope for the future. Moira always wanted to be the centre of attention, which may be while she was so rebellious. She lived the dream of all the other handmaids by physically getting to the aunts and then escaping. However, towards the end of the book she was a bit disappointment. She was working in jezebels wearing a bunny costume, which is very demeaning and in a way shows sign of defeat. She is more or less everything that the aunts said that they were trying to protect the other handmaids from. She is almost at the lowest of the low. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Margaret Atwood section.

Differences Between Greek And Roman Gods Theology Religion Essay

Differences Between Greek And Roman Gods Theology Religion Essay From ancient times different societies have worshiped gods, believing in their power and being afraid of their fury. People have prayed and made sacrifices in order to achieve the gods mercy and generosity. They believed that, if the gods are in good mood, they will provide people with good weather conditions for growing crops  [1]  . Moreover, people needed explanations for different natural phenomena, such as rain, drought, lightning, thunder and earthquake. So, ancient people believed that these natural phenomena are caused by the gods  [2]  . A good example of such societies could be ancient Greeks and Romans. Ancient Greeks and Romans existed in the middle ages. This essay will describe main gods and goddesses of ancient Greek and Roman societies. It will also look at main similarities and differences between the gods and goddesses of theses societies. Investigation To begin with, there are a lot of similarities between Greek and Roman gods, because Roman religion was based on Greek religion. The Greek mythology was founded about a millennium before the Roman. Romans founded their religion on the basis of the Greek religion.  [3]  So, Greek and Roman religions are similar, because both of them are polytheistic religions.  [4]  Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities.  [5]  There were more than thirty gods in each of these cultures. Furthermore, Greeks and Romans had almost the same gods, despite differences in their names. As an example, both cultures had the god of sea, the goddess of love, the god of war, the god of wine and the goddess of wisdom.  [6]  Importantly, there was a chief god, who was the king of all gods, in both Greek and Roman societies. In Greek mythology the king of gods is known as Zeus, whereas Romans call the king of gods Jupiter.  [7]  There is also a queen of gods in Greek and Roman mythologies. Greeks call the queen Hera, whereas Romans queen of gods is Juno.  [8]   Finally, both ancient societies have twelve main gods and goddesses. In Greek mythology they are known as the Twelve Olympians.  [9]  They are Zeus, Poseidon, Aid, Ares, Apollo, Hermes, Hephaestus, Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, Artemis, and Dionysus. Greeks call these twelve main gods and goddesses as follows: Jupiter, Neptune, Pluton, Mars, Feb, Mercury, Volcano, Juno, Minerva, Venus, Diana, and Bacchus.  [10]  Actually, they are the same gods and goddesses with same powers, but with different names. Even though the Roman religion is based on the Greek religion, there are number of differences between gods of these societies. Romans have not just adopted their religion from Greeks. They have also changed their religion according to their culture.  [11]  So, if you read about Rome and Greek gods and goddesses, you will see differences in their names. Romans gave their gods names that are different from names of Greek gods. Thus, there are only few Greek and Roman gods and goddesses that have similar names. Usually Roman gods and goddesses have names of planets of the sun system, such as Jupiter, Mercury, Neptune and Mars. In contrast, Greek gods and goddesses have their own names, such as Zeus, Hermes, Ares and Hera.  [12]  For example, the goddess of love is Venus in Roman mythology and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. Romans call the god of war Mars, while Greeks call Ares. The god of sea is called Neptune in Roman mythology and Poseidon in Greek mythology.  [13]   Furthermore, if you read about Roman and Greek gods, you will notice differences in characters of gods and goddesses. Gods and goddesses usually have characters similar to people that believe and pray to them, because people think up their gods themselves.  [14]  Ancient Greeks were polite and creative. They held creativity above physical works in the mortal and mythical world.  [15]  Greeks were also interested in poetry. In contrast, Romans were more focused on actions rather than on words. They valued bravery and courage.  [16]  So, Roman gods and goddesses are more military and aggressive, whereas Greek gods and goddesses are more cultural and polite. Finally, when you look at pictures of Greek and Roman gods or goddesses, you will see differences in their clothes and physical appearance. Ancient Greeks highly valued creativity and beauty. So, Greek gods and goddesses were usually given a beautiful and perfect physical appearance.  [17]  They were dressed into white and light cloth. By contrast, Romans were more focused on warfare and valued bravery. So, Rome gods and goddesses had military clothes. Romans did not pay much attention on physical appearance of gods and goddess.  [18]   Conclusion In conclusion, by comparing Greek and Roman gods, you can see both similarities and differences between gods of the two ancient societies. Greek and Roman religions are similar, because the Roman mythology was founded based on the Greek. Religions of both ancient societies are polytheistic religions. Moreover, both cultures have almost the same gods with the same powers. Finally, there are twelve main gods, known as the Twelve Olympians, in both cultures. However, Greek and Roman gods also differ from each other, because Romans have changed their religion according to their own culture. So, Roman and Greek gods had different names. Furthermore, there is a difference in characters of Greek and Roman Gods. And finally, Greek and Roman gods had different physical appearances and wore different clothes. Therefore, Greek and Roman gods have similarities as well as having some differences.

The Anglican Liturgy Essay -- Religion/Spirituality

â€Å"†¦the Prayer Book is not only a manual of public devotions, it contains the fullest statement of the teaching of the Church†. This understanding of the prayer book as the dominant treatise of Anglican belief is central to this essays argument that the Episcopal Book of Common Prayer (1979), and particularly its rite of Baptism, has fundamentally shifted Anglican thinking and liturgical practice in relation to Eucharist and ministry. We will explore this argument by first clarifying what is said in the Book of Common Prayer (1979), especially within its preface to the rite of Baptism, comparing this to the Book of Common Prayer 1662, to elicit differences and subtle nuances within the theology expressed. The consequences of these changes in relation to Eucharistic practice and invitation will then be explored, particularly the way in which confirmation is understood in the new schema. Following this, we will seek to understand the impact that this has had upon t he Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia and how it has affected our Anglican Identity liturgically and ecclesiologically, especially in regards to ministry. Finally, we will offer a small critique of the liturgical understanding of Baptism as full initiation to the Eucharistic table, drawing upon biblical images and Church teaching to pose questions of whether this is appropriate. ‘Holy Baptism is full initiation by water and the Holy Spirit into Christ’s body the Church’. These few words are the initiatory comments in the Book of Common Prayer (1979) concerning the rite of Baptism and the purpose of the service. Within them lies an understanding that, while possibly implicit, in previous Prayerbooks had not been made clear, or was deliberate... ...can Style. July 10, 2010. http://anglocatholic.net/2010/07/10/communion-anglican-style/ (accessed May 14, 2012). The Church of England. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church according to the use of The Church of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1662. The Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. A New Zealand Prayer Book/He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa. Auckland: Collins, 1989. The Episcopal Church. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church : together with the Psalter or Psalms of David according to the use of the Episcopal Church. New York, NY: Church Hymnal Group & Seabury Press, 1979. White, James F. Introduction to Christian Worship. 3rd Edition. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2000.

Community Meeting Review Essay

For my project I visited the City of Hesperia’s Official Website and reviewed the April 1, 2014 City Council Meeting which is available to the public on line. The beginning of the meeting started with a call of order then proceeded to the roll call of the board members. After these steps had taken place an invocation was performed followed by the Pledge of Allegiance. I have never heard of a prayer referred to as an invocation and it prompted me to review the words definition, â€Å"a public request for guidance, good will, good wishes, and good things. (Wikipedia). I was very pleased to see that the council members have chosen prayer as guidance followed by the pledge of allegiance, a leadership respectful of God and Country. The official members present were Mayor Thurston â€Å"Smitty† Smith, Mayor Pro Tem Eric Schmidt, Council Members Russell Blewett, Bill Holland, and Mike Leonard. Agenda revisions and announcements were provided by the city clerk followed by a cl osed sessions report given by the City Attorney. Prior to the main agenda announcements and presentations were provided recognizing public interest groups which included; A certificate of recognition for the Desert Winds Quilt Guild, a proclamation for National Volunteer Week, a proclamation for Fair Housing Week, followed by a presentation of the community events calendar provided by Rachel Molina the city’s community relations and media coordinator. At this time a request for public comments was made and instructions were provided to those present in regards to time limits per individual. This forum provides an interface for the public with the City Council and the Municipality components which do not typically respond or engage with the presenters but collect the information and provide for a method of follow up from city staff. The first person called to speak was Jennifer Mayo, who discussed road conditions related to her residence and its poor state of repair which has affected her and her family. The second person called to speak was Jeff Randall who began his discussion with a quote of â€Å"trust and respect† referring to an issue of code enforcement and fee’s levied against his property in the amount of $3,500.00. Mr. Randall described the issue in detail, in which he could not meet the original deadline of the code violation due to a tenant that needed to be removed from the property and requested an extension to resolve the violation. He was verbally provided an extension and was told to just handle  the situation and no fees would be imposed. He trusted the individual representing the city to stand by his word and not to impose any fees until he had the opportunity to resolve the situation which did not happen. Mr. Randall is requesting the assistance of the council members to resolve the financial burden imposed upon him. The next person called was Jessica Davidson who was accompanied by Veronica Sanders and were from the Cancer Society, representing a fundraiser called Relay for Life. Their purpose for presenting was to invite the City Council and its attendees to an upcoming 24-hour event. The council did respond to these presenters, stating that they will be attending this event as a team and additionally asked the presenters to return to the next council venue where they will be given a proclamation (recognition) for their public efforts. The next person called was Jennifer Shaw a representative from Southern California Edison. The purpose for her presentation was to introduce Julie Gilbert, her replacement who is also employed with Southern California Edison. This seemed to be a professional courtesy provided by the utility firm. Al Vougler was the last presenter to be called and spoke about concerns related to the City of Hesperia’s recent lease of water allocations from the Rancho Water District totaling 1300 acre feet. Mr. Vougler believed that even though the purchase rate of $382.50 per acre foot seemed reasonable that the City’s water district should be approaching residents much like himself that have unused water allocations at a reduced price. Mr. Vougler believed that this would be a combined benefit for the City and its residents. The City Manager did provide a general response to Mr. Vougler in an attempt to define the characteristics of water classifications and there overall values which was followed by the City Attorney who provided further comparisons of water and values. The meeting continued with the Joint Consent Calendar, the consent calendar is a grouping of routine matters to be acted on in one motion. There were six items considered and recommended actions taken anywhere f rom issues related to utilities to professional services. At the end of this presentation it was open to public hearing providing any concerned resident an opportunity to speak. This was followed by consent ordinances which city staff members began to speak about Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) and its draft citizen participation plan for years 2015-2019. This was followed by an ordinance for the Civic Plaza which would limit the use of  skateboards, bicycles, and leashed animals during special events held at this location. Following these issues the council would make a decision which would be placed on record for public view. New business was proposed where an approval of long ranged property management was projected, but they motioned to push this event forward to the next meeting due to the absence of a council member who was more familiar with the issue. A final request to those attending to be heard was made leading to the council committee’s reports and comments. Each council member was provided the opportunity to give a final presentation in regards to the events that had taken place. Council member Holland had very nice things to say in reference to Jennifer Mayo and her courage for coming to the meeting and addressing her concerns. Mrs. Mayo had mentioned earlier that she was on a â€Å"fool’s errand† in reference to her attempt to share her road concerns and Mr. Holland reassured her that her attempts were not imprudent. The city staff will diligently look for funds to improve the road conditions for the City of Hesperia. I was very impressed by the comments made by Mr. Holland during the meeting and at its closure. He was less formal and made everyone feel welcome and I would say the same for council member Blewett and Mayor Smith. Mayor Pro Tem Schmidt had some disparaging comments in reference to Mr. Randall’s code enforcement issues and felt he had made erroneous claims to the council. I felt this was a bit unbecoming of Schmidt especially in his role as Pro Tem (vice mayor). I believe he should be more considerate to those that address the council in a fair and reasonable manner. The city attorney seemed very cold and matter of fact which is probably typical of all legal personnel. I was quite pleased with this local government, they were very informal and very endearing. I believe that the city council is very attentive to their local residence and businesses that they are serving and operate in the best interest of everyone. Economically there was concern over budget constraints especially for those related to road improvements, monies were approved for the CDGB plan which is a joint activity between the city and the community development groups. It was interesting that there were a lot of legal concerns related to the councils operation and their decision development and was quoted several times during the proceedings. I would like to make note that the â€Å"city staff† often referred to but never specifically identified have a great behind the scenes responsibility in  researching all the necessary regulatory requirements related to the operation of this committee. This experience has actually peaked my interest in local politics I like the fact that it is approachable compared to national politics which is not interested in personal opinion only those provided by an elected official. I don’t believe local government to be any more efficient than national government, there may be fewer constraints within local government that can be resolved at a much faster pace. I found the public presentation to be very interesting, all of the presenters seemed to be very informative and well spoken. I was drawn to Mr. Vougler’s water concerns which led me to do further research in reference to water rights. I was unaware that residence had water allocations available for re-sale. I went to the Mojave Water agencies website to learn about their responsibilities and for clarification of local water rights. In doing so I learned that they monitor all the water allocations throughout the High Desert including Municipalities and residents. It was true what the City Manager had told Mr. Vougler in regards to the value of his water rights. Due to the waters agricultural component the re-sale of the product to a Municipality is 75% that of a re-sale from another commercial water holder. This is why Mr. Vougler’s water was valued at $275.00 versus $382.00. In a sense it has the equivalent dollar value when purchased by the Municipality such as the City of Hesperia. When the council responded to Mr. Vougler they responded accurately and I felt they were very respectful in doing so. Works Cited â€Å"Agenda.† City of Hesperia. Council Chambers, (01 April 2014). Web. (01 May 2014). http://www.cityofhesperia.us/archive.aspx â€Å"Invocation.† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., (08 April 2014). Web. (01 May 2014). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation â€Å"Water Transfer Types.† Mojave Water Agency, Web. (01 May 2014). http://www.mojavewater.org/water_transfer_forms.html